LANGUAGE AND MACHINES
COMPUTERS
IN TRANSLATION AND LINGUISTICS
A
Report by the Automatic Language
Processing Advisory Committee, Division
of Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research
Council.
(Washington, D.C.: National Academy of
Sciences—National Research Council, 1966.)
Chairman:
John R.Pierce
Human Translation 1
Types of Translator Employment 2
English as the Language of
Science 4
Time Required for Scientists to
Learn Russian 5
Translation in the
Number of Government
Translators 7
Amount Spent for Translation 9
Is There a Shortage of Translators
or Translation? 11
Regarding a Possible Excess of
Translation 13
The Crucial Problems of
Translation 16
The
Machine-Aided Translation at
Automatic Language Processing and
Computational Linguistics 29
Avenues to Improvement of
Translation 32
Recommendations 34
APPENDIXES
1.
Experiments in
Sight Translation and Full Translation
35
2.
Defense Language
Institute Course in Scientific Russian
37
3.
The Joint
Publications Research Service 39
4.
Public Law
480 Translations 41
5. Machine Translations at the Foreign
Technology Division,
6. Journals Translated with
Support by the National Science
Foundation 45
7. Civil Service Commission Data on Federal Translators 50
8.
Demand for and Availability
of Translators 54
9. Cost Estimates of Various Types of
Translation 57
10. An Experiment in
Evaluating the Quality of Translations 67
11. Types of Errors Common in Machine
Translation 76
12. Machine-Aided Translation at the Federal
Armed Forces Translation Agency,
13. Machine-Aided
Translation at the European Coal and Steel
14. Translation Versus
Postediting of Machine Translation 91
15. Evaluation by Science Editors and Joint
Publications Research Service and Foreign
Technology Division Translations 102
16. Government
Support of Machine-Translation Research
107
17. Computerized Publishing 113
18. Relation Between
Programming Languages and Linguistics 118
19. Machine Translation and Linguistics 121
20.
Persons Who Appeared Before the Committee 124