Machine
Translation
An
Introductory Guide
Douglas Arnold
Lorna Balkan
Siety Meijer
R.Lee Humphreys
Louisa Sadler
NCC Blackwell
Manchester/Oxford
1994
[Reproduced with permission of the authors and
publishers]
Contents
Preface …iii-iv
Chapter 1: Introduction and overview …1
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Why MT matters
1.3. Popular conceptions and misconceptions
1.4. A bit of history
1.5. Summary
1.6. Further reading
Chapter 2: Machine translation in practice …19
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The scenario
2.3. Document preparation: authoring and pre-editing
2.4. The translation process
2.5. Document revision
2.6. Summary
2.7. Further reading
Chapter 3: Representation and processing … 37
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Representing linguistic knowledge
3.3. Processing
3.4. Summary
3.5. Further reading
Chapter 4: Machine translation engines …63
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Transformer architectures
4.3. Linguistic knowledge architectures
4.4. Summary
4.5. Further reading
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Paper dictionaries
5.3. Types of word information
5.4. Dictionaries and morphology
5.5. Terminology
5.6. Summary
5.7. Further reading
Chapter 6: Translation problems …111
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Ambiguity
6.3. Lexical and structural mismatches
6.4. Multiword units: idioms and collocations
6.5. Summary
6.6. Further reading
Chapter 7: Representation and processing revisited: meaning …129
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Semantics
7.3. Pragmatics
7.4. Real world knowledge
7.5. Summary
7.6. Further reading
Chapter 8: Input …147
8.1. Introduction
8.2. The electronic document
8.3. Controlled languages
8.4. Sublanguage MT
8.5. Summary
8.6. Further reading
Chapter 9: Evaluating MT systems …165
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Some central issues
9.3. Evaluation of engine performance
9.4. Operational evaluation
9.5. Summary
9.6. Further reading
Chapter 10: New directions in MT …183
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Rule-based MT
10.3. Resources for MT
10.4. Empirical approaches to MT
10.5. Summary
10.6. Further reading
Useful addresses …207
Glossary …209
Bibliography… 219
Index …235