Machine Translation Archive

Index of Organizations and Affiliations

Publications before 1970

arranged by country 

For publications since 2010, 2005-2009, 2000-2004, 1990-1999, 1970-1989

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International

Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics

(1960) Helen Bronson: Special report [of planning committee].  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.521-522. [PDF, 60KB]

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(1961) M.Corbé & R.Tabory: Introduction to an automatic English syntax (by fragmentation). 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.616-652. [PDF, 138KB] [discussion]

(1960) E.Delavenay: Machine translation of languages: research and organizational problems. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.26-44. [PDF, 114KB]

(1954) J.E.Holmström: The language problem of science. Research 7 (1954); pp.190-195. [PDF, 57KB]

 

Australia

La Trobe University

(1968) David Woodhouse: A note on the translation of Swahili into English. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 75-77 [PDF, 134KB]

 

Belgium

Brussels, University

(1963) Lydia Hirschberg: Punctuation and automatic syntatic analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.37

Bulgaria

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

(1968) A. Ljudskanov: Is the generally accepted strategy of machine-translation research optimal?  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 14-21 [PDF, 222KB]

 

Canada

Collège Militaire Royal (St Jean, Québec)

(1969) T.R.Hofmann & Brian Harris: Machine transcoding. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 62: Collection of abstracts of papers; p.13. [PDF, 108KB]

Montréal, Université de

 (1969) T.R.Hofmann & Brian Harris: Machine transcoding. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 62: Collection of abstracts of papers; p.13. [PDF, 108KB]

Saskatchewan, University of

(1967) A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967; xii,529pp.

(1967) Kathleen H.V.Booth: Machine aided translation with a post-editor. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.51-76.

(1965) A.D.Booth: Mechanical resolution of linguistic problems. In: Allen Kent and Orrin E.Taulbee (eds.) Electronic information handling, Washington, DC: Spartan Books, 1965; pp.41-50. [PDF, 89KB]

 

Czechoslovakia

Charles University, Prague

(1966) D.Konečná, P.Novák, & P.Sgall: Machine translation in Prague. Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics 1, 1966; pp.185-193. [PDF, 229KB]

(1966) P.Sgall & E.Hajičová: Computational linguistics in Czechoslovakia. Beiträge zur Linguistik und Informationsverarbeitung 8, 1966; pp.65-74. [PDF, 120KB]

(1965) Petr Sgall: Generation, production, and translation.  Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 16pp. [PDF, 90KB]

Mathematical Institute (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences)

(1965) Karel Čulík: Machine translation and connectedness between phrases. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 28pp. [PDF, 1217KB]

 

Denmark

Regnecentralen

(1962) K.G.Sellin: Machine translation and/or an international language. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.323-324. [PDF, 83KB]

 

European Communities

Euratom

(1968) S.Perschke: The use of machine translation in documentation. In: 1968 Meeting of European Librarians Working in the Nuclear Field.. April 24-25, 1968 (European Atomic Energy Community – EURATOM, EUR 4256 e) Luxemburg: Centre for Information and Documentation, 1969; pp.76-88. [PDF, 75KB]

(1968) S.Perschke: The use of the “SLC” system in automatic indexing. Mechanized Information Retrieval and Dissemination (North-Holland, 1968); pp.300-311. [PDF, 93KB]

(1968) Sergei Perschke: Machine translation—the second phase of development. Endeavour, vol.27; pp.97-100. [PDF, 76KB]

(1967) Sergei Perschke: Automatic language translation: its possibilities and limitations. EURATOM Bulletin 6 (2); pp.54-60. [note]

(1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic machine addressing in automatic translation.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF, 132KB] [discussion]

European Commission

(1967) P.J.Arthern: An electronic dictionary. The Incorporated Linguist 6 (1), January 1967; pp.7-8. [PDF, 25KB]

 

France

Centre d’Etudes pour la Traduction Automatique, Grenoble

(1966) B. Vauquois, G. Veillon & J. Veyrunes: Syntax and interpretation.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.44-54 [PDF, 339KB]

Centre Français d’Echanges et de Documentation

(1959) Eric de Grolier: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

(1963) Yves Gentilhomme: La traduction automatique et l’enseignement du russe. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35-36

(1961) Georges Mounin: Sémantique et mécanographie.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.72-75. [PDF, 135KB]

CETA see Centre d’Etudes pour la Traduction Automatique, Grenoble

CNRS see Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Ecole des Langues Orientales

(1961) P. Meile: On problems of address in an automatic dictionary of French. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.380-399. [PDF, 47KB] [discussion]

IBM France

(1961) M.Corbé & R.Tabory: Introduction to an automatic English syntax (by fragmentation). 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.616-652. [PDF, 138KB] [discussion]

 

Germany, West [Federal Republic of Germany]

Bonn, Universität: Forschungsgruppe LIMAS see Forschungsgruppe LIMAS

Deutsches Rechenzentrum (Darmstadt)

(1967) Paul O. Samuelsdorff: The application of FORTRAN to automatic translation.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 12pp. [PDF, 671KB]

Forschungsgruppe LIMAS (Universität  Bonn)

(1967) Gerhard Engelien: Programming of reversible systems in computational linguistics. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 5pp. [PDF, 227KB]

(1967) Klaus Günther Schweisthal: Semantically governed machine translation of BE-clauses with adverbs and prepositional phrases. Demonstration of a ring-model for German/English, English/German including analysis-synthesis, transformation, transition, and generation.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 11 pp. [PDF, 412KB]

(1962) H.Schnelle: The programming of grammar. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.329-330.

IBM Germany

(1969) István Bátori: Disambiguating verbs with multiple meaning in the MT-system of IBM Germany. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 31; 17pp. [PDF, 467KB]

Köln, Universität

(1969) Paul O. Samuelsdorff: Problems of German-English automatic translation. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 62: Collection of abstracts of papers; p.4. [PDF, 56KB]

LIMAS see Forschungsgruppe LIMAS

 

Hungary

Debrecen, University of

(1966) Ferenc Papp: Machine translation. Chapter 6 from: Mathematical linguistics in the Soviet Union (The Hague: Mouton, 1966; pp.100-126, [with bibliography, pp.138-165]. [PDF, 825KB]

(1964) F.Papp: Mathematical and applied linguistics at the University of Debrecen. Computational Linguististics 1964, vol.2; pp.213-218. [PDF, 76KB]

Hungarian Academy of Sciences

(1965) D.Varga: Syntactic analysis in the case of highly inflected languages. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 21pp. [PDF, 792KB]

(1964) F.Kiefer: Mathematical linguistics and machine translation in the Computing Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Computational Linguistics (Hungary) 2 (1964); pp.203-211. [PDF, 184KB]

 

Israel

Hebrew University

(1967) Y.Bar-Hillel, A.Kasher, & E.Shamir: Measures of syntactic complexity. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.29-49.

 (1962) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Four lectures on algebraic linguistics and machine translation. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 1-26. [PDF, 244KB]

 (1962) Y.Bar-Hillel: Machine translation: the end of an illusion [with discussion]. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); p.331-332. [PDF]

(1960) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: The present status of automatic translation of languages. Advances in Computers 1, 91-163. [PDF, 353KB]

(1960) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: A demonstration of the nonfeasibility of fully automatic high quality translation. Appendix III of ‘The present status of automatic translation of languages’. Reprinted in: Y.Bar-Hillel, Language and information (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1964), 174-179.[PDF, 89KB]

 (1959) Y.Bar-Hillel: Decision procedures for structure in natural languages. Appendix III of “Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain.’ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, February 1959; 9pp. [PDF, 78KB]

 (1959) Y.Bar-Hillel: A demonstration of the non-feasibility of fully-automatic high-quality machine translation. Appendix IV of “Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain.’ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, February 1959; 6pp. [PDF, 56KB]

 (1959) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain. Jerusalem, Israel: Hebrew University, 5th February 1959; 80pp. [PDF, 269KB]; original [PDF, 2203KB]

 (1959) Y.Bar-Hillel: Some linguistic obstacles to machine translation. Appendix II of ‘Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain.’ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, February 1959; 10pp.[PDF, 84KB]

 (1955) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Idioms. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 183-193.

 

Italy

EURATOM

(1964) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.32-51 [PDF, 359KB]

(1963) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36-37

(1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic machine addressing in automatic translation.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF, 132KB] [discussion]

Milan, University of: Centro di Cibernetico e di Attività Linguistiche

(1967) Silvio Ceccato: Correlational analysis and mechanical translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.77-135.

(1962) Silvio Ceccato: Automatic translation of languages. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 55-108 . [PDF, 370KB]

(1962) Ernst von Glasersfeld: First draft of an English input procedure for mechanical translation. Methodos 14 (54), 1962; pp.47-79. [PDF, 206KB]

(1961) J. Barton: The application of the article in English. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.112-118. [PDF, 49KB] [discussion]

(1961) Silvio Ceccato & Bruna Zonta: Human translation and translation by machine, 1. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 222-246. [PDF, 76KB] [discussion]

(1961) E.von Glasersfeld, Sergei Perschke, & Elsa Samet: Human translation and translation by machine II. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.508-528. [PDF, 106KB] [discussion]

(1961) Sergei Perschke: Operational analysis of verbs. (Rapport CETIS no.24, August 1961); 19pp. [PDF, 390KB]

 (1960) Silvio Ceccato: Thought as the basis of mechanical translation and summarising. Colloque sur la coopération en matière de Documentation et d’Information Scientifiques et Techniques, Milan, 30 novembre – 3 décembre 1960 sous le patronage de la Fédération des Associations scienitfiques et techniques de Milan. Milano: Centro di Cibernetica e di Attività Linguistiche, [1960]. [PDF, 507KB]

(1960) S.Ceccato: Centro di Cibernetica di Milano presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.13-14.

(1959) Enrico Albani, Silvio Ceccato, & Enrico Maretti: Classifications, rules, and code of an operational grammar for machine translation. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.693-753. [PDF, 402KB]

(1956) M.V.Heberden: Teaching the machine grammar.  Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.119-124. [PDF, 68KB]

(1955) Silvio Ceccato & Enrico Maretti: Suggestions for mechanical translation. In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.171-180. [PDF, 62KB]

 

Japan

Defence Agency

(1968) Itiroo Sakai: Some mathematical aspects of syntactic description. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 32-57 [PDF, 1580KB]

(1961) Itiroo Sakai: Syntax in universal translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.594-608. [PDF, 55KB] [discussion]

Electro-Technical Laboratory

 (1959) S.Takahashi, H.Wada, R.Tadenuma, & S.Watanabe: English-Japanese machine translation. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.194-199. [PDF, 125KB]

(1958) Ichiro Honda: [Report on ETL research], Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 49-50 [PDF, 69KB]

Kyoto University                           

(1965) Toshiyuki Sakai & Makoto Nagao: Sentence generation by semantic concordance. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 21pp. [PDF, 1020KB]

 

Poland

Warsaw, University

(1963) Irene Bellert: Necessity of introducing some information provided by transformational analysis into MT algorithms. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

 

United Kingdom

Birkbeck College, London

(1967) Michael Levison: The computer in literary studies. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.173-194.

 (1963) A.D.Booth: “Invisible lunatic”.  Nature 200, November 2, 1963; pp.392-393. [PDF, 24KB]

 (1962) A.D.Booth: Machine translation – a challenge to the linguist. Incorporated Linguist 1 (3), April 1962; pp. 34-41 [PDF, 133KB]

 (1961) Andrew .D.Booth: Progress in automatic language translation. Control, pt 1: October 1961; pp.103-105; pt 2: November 1961, pp.103-105. PDF, 318KB]

(1961) Michael Levison: The mechanical analysis of language. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.562-574. [PDF,

(1960) A.D..Booth: Translation by machine in the USSR. Automation Progress, September 1960;p.311. [PDF, 68KB]

(1960) A.D.Booth & A.J.T.Colin: On the efficiency of a new method of dictionary construction. Information and Control; 3 327-334. [PDF, 108KB]

 (1960) Michael Levison: The application of the Ferranti Mercury computer to linguistic problems. Information and Control 2 (1960); pp.231-247. [PDF,  372KB]

(1959) Andrew D. Booth: The current status of direct input in Great Britain.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.887-893. [PDF, 42KB]

(1959) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translation and its implications in data processing.  Automatic Data Processing 1 (3), July 1959; pp.18-23. [PDF, 50KB]

(1959) Andrew D. Booth: Syntactic processing for machine translation and its implications for cost and speed.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.759-763. [PDF, 30KB]

 (1959) A.D.Booth [chairman]: Discussions [of conference papers in]: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.941-953. [PDF, 197KB]

 (1958) A.D.Booth: The history and recent progress of machine translation. In: Aspects of translation (Studies in Communication 2). London: Secker & Warburg; pp.88-104. [PDF, 69KB]

 (1958) A.D.Booth: Progress in machine translation. New Scientist vol. 4, 665-667. [PDF, 52KB]

(1958) Andrew D.Booth: Translating machines (The Social Consequences of Automation.) International Social Science Bulletin 10; pp.55-62. [PDF, 55KB]

 (1958) Andrew D.Booth, L.Brandwood, & J.P.Cleave: Mechanical resolution of linguistic problems. London: Butterworth, 1958; vii, 306pp.

 (1958) L.Brandwood: Pronoun reference in German. Mechanisation of thought processes: Proceedings of a symposium held at the National Physical Laboratory on 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th November 1958 (London: HMSO, 1959); pp.311-349 [including discussion by Richens, Bar-Hillel, Uttley, and others]. [PDF, 139KB]

(1958) Leonard Brandwood: Some problems in the mechanical translation of German, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 60-66 [PDF, 142KB]

 (1957) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translations. Aslib Proceedings ; 9 (6), June 1957. [PDF, 119KB]

(1957) John P.Cleave: Report on the work in MT at Birkbeck College, University of London. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.535-537.

(1957) J.P.Cleave: A type of program for mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 54-58 [PDF, 153KB]

(1957) John P. Cleave: A model for mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 2-4 [PDF, 102KB]

 (1956) A.D.Booth: Introduction [to] Session on the computer in a non-arithmetic role, at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); pp.450-451. [PDF, 85KB]

(1956) Andrew D.Booth: The practical realisation of machine translation. Methodos 8, 1956; pp.23-33. [PDF, 45KB]

 (1956) Andrew D.Booth: Present objectives of MT research in the United Kingdom. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.108-110. [PDF, 34KB]

(1956) L. Brandwood: Mechanical translation of French, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 52-61 [PDF, 164KB]

(1956) L.Brandwood: Previous experiments in mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.125-127. [PDF, 28KB]

(1956) L.Brandwood: The translation of a foreign language by machine.  Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.111-118. [PDF, 72KB]

 (1955) A.Donald Booth & William N.Locke: Historical introduction. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp.1-14.

 (1955) A.D.Booth: Influence of context on translation. In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.181-183. [PDF, 19KB]

 (1955) A.Donald Booth: Storage devices. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 119-123.

 (1955) Andrew D.Booth: Use of a computing machine as a mechanical dictionary.  Nature, September 17, 1955;  vol.176, p.565. [PDF,

(1955) John P. Cleave: Braille transcription, Mechanical Translation 2 (3), December 1955; pp. 50-53 [PDF, 129KB]

(1955) J.P.Cleave: A programme for Braille transcription [with discussion]. In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.184-193. [PDF, 98KB]

(1955) J.P.Cleave & B.Zacharov: Language translation by electronics: novel application of digital computing machines. Wireless World 61, 1955; pp.433435. [PDF, 50KB]

(1955) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 24-46.

(1954) Andrew D.Booth: Calculating machines and mechanical translation. Discovery 15 (7), July 1954; pp.280-285. [PDF, 147KB]

 (1953) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translation. Computers and Automation 2 (4), 1953; pp.6-8. [PDF, 25KB]

(1952) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 15pp. [PDF, 178KB]

Birmingham University

(1955) D.A.Bell & Alan S.C.Ross: Negative entropy of Welsh words [with discussion]. In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.149-153. [PDF, 98KB]

Cambridge Language Research Unit

(1968) Margaret Masterman: Semantic algorithms. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.253-280 [with commentary by the editor.]

(1967) Margaret Masterman: Man-aided computer translation from English into French using an on-line system to manipulate a bi-lingual conceptual dictionary, or thesaurus. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 22pp. [PDF, 887KB]

(1967) Margaret Masterman: Mechanical pidgin translation: an estimate of the research value of ‘word-for-word’ translation into a pidgin language, rather than into the full normal form of an output language.  In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.195-227. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.161-186.

(1967) David Shillan: Segmenting natural language by articulatory features. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 11pp. [PDF, 448KB]

(1965) R.M.Needham: Applications of the theory of clumps. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.113-127 [PDF, 269KB]

(1965) K. Sparck Jones: Experiments in semantic classification. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.97-112 [PDF, 263KB]

 (1964) Margaret Masterman: The semantic basis of human communication. Arena 19, 1964; pp.18-45. [PDF, 429KB]

 (1962) Margaret Masterman: The intellect’s new eye. In: Freeing the mind 6: articles and letters from the Times Literary Supplement April 27 1962. [London: Times.]; pp.38-44. [PDF, 36KB]

(1962) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Syntax. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 167-203. [PDF, 212KB]

(1961) Margaret Masterman: Semantic message detection for machine translation, using an interlingua.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.438-474. [PDF, 109KB] [discussion]

(1961) Margaret Masterman & W.Haas: Translation. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 1961; pp.169-216. [PDF, 869KB]; Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.187-223 [with editor’s commentary]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A general procedure for syntactic description (M.L.143). Repr. as The lattice properties of syntactic relations in an open language. In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part 1]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 16pp. [PDF, 53KB]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & M.Masterman: A new model of syntactic description (M.L.142). Repr. as The derivation of syntactic relations from a lattice model.  In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part II]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 29pp. [PDF, 106KB]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A new model of syntactic description. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.26-60. [PDF, 114KB] [discussion]

 (1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes, R.McKinnon Wood, M.Kay & P.Bratley: The Cambridge Language Research Unit computer program for syntactic analysis (M.L.136). Repr. in: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part IV]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 45pp. [PDF, 197KB]

 (1961) K.Sparck Jones (ed.): The application of the Cambridge Language Research Unit model of syntactic description (M.L.145). Repr. as The relation between the theory and its application to programming syntactic analysis with a digital computer. In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part III]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 32pp. [PDF,  123KB]

(1961) K. Sparck Jones: Mechanised semantic classification. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.418-433. [PDF, 123КB] [discussion]

 (1961) K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description [by] A.F.Parker-Rhodes and members of the Cambridge Language Research Unit (M.L.147.) Cambridge, July 1961.

(1960) M.Masterman & R.Needham: Cambridge Language Research Unit presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.10-12.

(1960) Margaret Masterman & Martin Kay: Mechanical pidgin translation: an estimate of the research value of “word-for-word” translation into a pidgin language, rather than into the full normal form of an output language. (ML133). Cambridge: CLRU, July 13th 1960; [incomplete copy] [PDF, 416KB]

(1959) Cambridge Language Research Unit: Essays on and in machine translation. Cambridge, England: June 1959.

(1959) E.W.Bastin & R.M.Needham: A new research technique for analysing language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF,  72KB]

(1959) F.H.Ellis: Human translateability test. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix I] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1959;  2 pp. [PDF, 10KB]

(1959) Martin Kay: The relevance of linguistics to mechanical translation. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML88] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1959; 22pp. [PDF,  110KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Classification, concept-formation and language. Presented at the Fourth Annual Conference of the British Society for the Philosophy of Science, September 1959. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.57-80.

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Fictitious sentences in language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 25th May 1959;  33pp. [PDF, 97KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: A possible counter-example to F.A.H.Q.M.T.? In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix III] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1959; 5 pp. [PDF, 16KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: What is a thesaurus? In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML90] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1st June 1959; 80pp. [PDF, 342KB]. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.107-145.

(1959) Margaret Masterman: [contribution to] Discussion [of] K.E.Harper and D.G.Hays: The use of machines in the construction of a grammar and computer program for structural analysis. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp. 193-194. [PDF]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: [contributions to] Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.220. [PDF]

(1959) R.M.Needham & A.F.Parker-Rhodes: This question of lattice theory. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML89] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF, 46KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Some recent work on thesauric and interlingual methods in machine translation.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.923-934. [PDF, 66KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & C.Wordley: Mechanical translation by the thesaurus method using existing machinery. Journal of the SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) 68 (4), April 1959; pp. 236-239. [PDF, 61KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & R.M.Needham: A reduction method for non-arithmetic data and its application to thesauric translation. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.321-326. [PDF, 63KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1959) K.Spärck Jones, R.M.Blackmore, & C.Wordley: Library for mechanical translation using punched card machinery. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92, appendix II] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), [1959; 20pp. [PDF, 234KB]

(1959) K.Spärck Jones: The possible use of decision procedures in mechanical translation. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML87] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), [1959]; 11pp. [PDF, 36KB]

 (1959) Joy M.Staniforth: General schema of a thesauric translation programme using a punched card technique. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92, appendix I] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1958; 5pp. [PDF, 34KB]

(1959) C.Wordley: C.L.R.U. mechanical abstracting test I. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix IV] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1959;  3 pp. [PDF, 16KB]

(1959) C.Wordley: Establishing the contextual meaning of words. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix II] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959;   6pp. [PDF, 47KB]

(1958) M.Masterman, R.M.Needham, & K.Spärck Jones: The analogy between mechanical translation and library retrieval. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, Washington, D.C., November 16-21, 1958 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, 1959); pp.917-935. [PDF, 104KB]

(1958) R.M.Needham & T.Joyce: Information retrieval and the thesaurus. [ML 45. Cambridge: CLRU, 1958]; 7pp. [PDF, 76KB]

(1958) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: The use of statistics in language research, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 67-73 [PDF, 137KB]

(1958) R.H.Richens: Interlingual machine translation. Computer Journal 1 (3), 1958; pp.144-147 [with discussion] [PDF, 104KB]

 (1958) R.H.Richens: Tigris and Euphrates – a comparison between human and machine translation. Mechanisation of thought processes: Proceedings of a symposium held at the National Physical Laboratory on 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th November 1958 (London: HMSO, 1959); pp.281-307 [including discussion by Bar-Hillel]. [PDF, 105KB]

(1957) M.A.K.Halliday: Report on the work in MT by the Cambridge Language Research Group, Cambridge, England. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.527-533.

(1957) T.Joyce & R.M.Needham: The thesaurus approach to information retrieval. [ML 45a.] Cambridge Language Research Unit, October 1957; 8pp. [PDF, 90KB]

(1957) Margaret Masterman: Fans and heads. (CLRU memo ML-21). Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1957; 16pp. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.39-56.

(1957) M.M.Masterman: The thesaurus in syntax and semantics, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 35-43 [PDF, 156KB]

(1957) Margaret Masterman, R.M.Needham, K.Spärck Jones, & Bryan Mayoh: Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro (Virgil, “Georgics”) First-stage translation into English with the aid of Roget’s Thesaurus. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92, appendix III] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), [1957]; 16pp. [PDF, 93KB]

(1957) R.H.Richens & M.A.K.Halliday: Word decomposition for machine translation.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.71-78. [PDF, 38KB]

(1956) E.W.Bastin: General mathematical problems involved in mechanical translation [Abstract], Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; p. 6 [PDF, 222KB]

(1956): Report on research, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 36-37 [PDF, 88KB]

(1956) R.A.Crossland: Graphic linguistics and its terminology, Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; pp. 8-11 [PDF, 109KB]

(1956) M.A.K.Halliday: The linguistic basis of a mechanical thesaurus, Mechanical Translation 3 (3), December 1956; pp. 81-88 [PDF, 156KB]

(1956) M.Masterman: New techniques for analyzing sentence patterns [Abstract], Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; pp. 4-5 [PDF, 222KB]

(1956) Margaret Masterman: The potentialities of a mechanical thesaurus. (ML 1). Cambridge: CLRU, October 1956; 22pp. [PDF, 155KB]; appendix by A.F.Parker-Rhodes

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Application of the lattice syntax-programme to the translation of the Italian paragraph, shewing in detail its transformation from output I to output II. Appendix to paper by Margaret Masterman, The potentialites of a mechanical thesaurus. (ML 2). Cambridge: CLRU, October 1956; 11pp. [PDF, 92KB]

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: An algebraic thesaurus. [Cambridge: CLRU, 1956]; 8pp. [PDF, 63KB]

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Computer operations required for mechanical translation. Session on the computer in a non-arithmetic role, at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); pp.453-455. [PDF, 54KB]

(1956) A.F. Parker-Rhodes: Author’s reply to discussion on ‘the computer in a non-arithmetic role’ at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); p.475. [PDF, 19KB]

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: An electronic computer program for translating Chinese into English, Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; pp. 14-19 [PDF, 119KB]

(1956) R.H.Richens: A general programme for mechanical translation between any two languages via an algebraic interlingua. (ML 5). [Cambridge Language Research Unit: 1956]; 10pp. [PDF, 317KB]

(1956) R.H.Richens: The thirteen steps. (ML 15). Cambridge: CLRU, 1956; 12pp. [PDF, 85KB]

(1956) R.H.Richens: Preprogramming for mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; pp. 20-25 [PDF, 111KB]

Cambridge University

(1968) Yorick Wilks: On-line semantic analysis of English texts. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 59-72 [PDF, 243KB]

(1965)  R.M.Needham: Semantic problems of machine translation. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.65-69. [PDF, 47KB]

(1959) E.B.May: Preliminary memorandum written from the administrative point of view on the report by Y.Bar-Hillel on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML85] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 4pp. [PDF, 23KB]

(1959) R.M.Needham & A.F.Parker-Rhodes: This question of lattice theory. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML89] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF, 46KB]

(1959) R.H.Richens: Logical looseness on interlinguas. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML86] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 3pp. [PDF, 19KB]

Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics

(1955) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 24-46.

(1952) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 15pp. [PDF, 178KB]

Edinburgh University

(1963) M.A.K.Halliday: Linguistics and machine translation. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung  15 (1963); pp.145-157. [PDF, 166KB]

King’s College, Cambridge

(1959) E.W.Bastin & R.M.Needham: A new research technique for analysing language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF,  72KB]

Library Association

(1957) F.R.Taylor: Mechanical translation of languages: a special subject list, no.21. London: Library Association, July 1957; 12pp. [PDF, 367KB]

London, University of  [see also Birkbeck College; School of Oriental and African Languages]

(1957) B. Zacharov: A refinement in coding the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 76-78 [PDF, 122KB]

National Physical Laboratory

(1969) A.J.Szanser: Automatic error-correction in natural languages. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 7; 9pp. [PDF, 350KB]

(1969) A.J.Szanser: Machine translation at the NPL. Physics Bulletin 20 (1969), 92-94. [PDF, 49KB]

 (1967) J.McDaniel: Machine translation of natural languages. Bulletin of the Institute of Information Scientists 5 (3); pp.5-7 [with discussion, pp.7-8, 21.] [PDF, 28KB]

(1967) J.McDaniel, W.L.Price, A.J.M.Szanser, & D.M.Yates: An evaluation of the usefulness of machine translations produced at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, with a summary of the translation methods. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 18pp. [PDF, 752KB]

(1967) J.McDaniel, A.M.Day, W.L.Price, A.J.Szanser, S.Whelan, & D.M.Yates: Machine translation at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.229-266.

(1967) A.J.Szanser: Machine translation—the evaluation of an experiment. The Incorporated Linguist 6 (4), October 1967; pp.90-95. [PDF, 131KB]

(1967) D.M.Yates: A computer model for Russian grammatical description, and a method of English synthesis in machine translation.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 407KB]

 (1966) A.J.Szanser: Machine translation research at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington. The Incorporated Linguist 5 (4), October 1966; pp.102-109. [PDF, 171KB]

(1961) D.W.Davies & A.M.Day: A technique for consistent splitting of Russian words. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.344-362. [PDF, 131KB]

(1961) J.McDaniel & S.Whelan: The grammatical interpretation of Russian inflected forms using a stem dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.364-377. [PDF, 123KB]  [discussion]

(1961) Sir Gordon Sutherland: Opening address [at] 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.1-3. [PDF, 17KB]

Reading, University of

(1966) P.H.Matthews: A procedure for morphological encoding. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.15-21 [PDF, 210KB]

Royal Aircraft Establishment

(1959) Robert A.Fairthorne: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

School of Oriental and African Languages, London

(1963) John Lyons: Coding the Russian alphabet for the purposes of mechanical translation. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.43-46 [PDF, 149KB]

Southampton, University

(1957) J.P.Cleave: A type of program for mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 54-58 [PDF, 153KB]

 

USA

ALPAC see National Research Council (USA): Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee

American Institutes for Research

(1967) David B. Orr & Victor H. Small: Comprehensibility of machine-aided translations of Russian scientific documents. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.1-10 [PDF, 191KB]

American Mathematical Society

(1968) Gordon L.Walker, Susumu Kuno, Barbara N.Smith, & Roland B.Holt: Chinese mathematical text analysis. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Writing and Speech vol. EWS-11, no.2; pp.118-128. [note]

Army Research Office

(1960) Dimitri A.Kellogg: Modern trends in character recognition machines. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.511-514. [PDF, 72KB]

Arthur D. Little Inc.

(1963) Vincent E. Giuliano: Word and context association by means of linear networks. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: The logic of automatic formula synthesis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.462-471. [PDF, 100KB]

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: Introduction [to Session 11: equipment.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); p.484. [PDF, 30KB]

Bell Telephone Laboratories

(1965) Sheila M. Pfafflin: Evaluation of machine translation by reading comprehension tests and subjective judgments.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.2-8 [PDF, 179KB]

(1965) J.R.Pierce: Report of NAS-NRC Committee on automatic language processing. (Draft). Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Telephone Laboratories, May 4, 1965; 20pp. [lacks Appendices.] [PDF, 66KB]

Brown University

(1948) Warren Weaver & W.Prager: [Correspondence on decipherment, March 1948.] [PDF, 62KB]

Bunker-Ramo Corporation

(1968) D.T.Chai: Chinese-English machine translation Law and Computer Technology 1 (8), August 1968; pp.10-16. [PDF, 221KB]

(1968) Paul L.Garvin: The place of heuristics in the fulcrum approach to machine translation. Lingua 21 (1968); pp.162-182. [PDF, 166KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: The fulcrum syntactic analyzer for Russian. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 421KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation – fact or fancy? Datamation 13 (4), April 1967; pp.29-31. [PDF, 53KB]

(1966) Paul L. Garvin: Some comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.2-3 [PDF, 106KB]

(1965) Paul L. Garvin: Some comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages.  Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 8pp. [PDF, 272KB]

(1964) Paul Garvin, Jules Mersel & Fred Peng: A syntactic recognition routine of standard Chinese [papers with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.88-105.

(1964) G.R.Martins: Preliminary report on the insertion of English articles in Russian-English MT output.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.2-4 [PDF, 121KB]

(1963) Paul L.Garvin: The definitional model of language. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.223-232. [PDF, 60KB]

(1963) Paul L.Garvin: A linguist’s view of language-data processing.  In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.233-251. [PDF, 104KB]

(1963) Paul L.Garvin: Syntax in machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.223-232. [60KB]

(1963) Jules Mersel: Programming aspects of machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.233-251. [PDF, 129KB]

Burroughs Corporation

(1958) J.Speck: Foreign language translation by automatic computer [on demonstration by Peter Toma.] Computers and Automation 7 (3), March 1958; p.11. [PDF, 218KB]

California Institute of Technology

(1958) J.Speck: Foreign language translation by automatic computer [on demonstration by Peter Toma.] Computers and Automation 7 (3), March 1958; p.11. [PDF, 218KB]

California, University of (Berkeley)

(1969) Ching-Yi Dougherty: A pragmatic approach to machine translation from Chinese to English. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 38; 16pp. [PDF, 346KB]

(1967) Henrik Birnbaum: Some notes on Russian predicative infinitives in automatic translation. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.11-17 [PDF, 196KB]

(1966) Sydney M.Lamb: On the mechanization of syntactic analysis. In: D.G.Hays (ed.) Readings in automatic languiteage processing (New York: Elsevier, 1966); pp.149-157. [PDF, 52KB]

(1965) Sydney M.Lamb: The nature of the machine translation problem. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior  4, 196-210. [PDF, 166KB]

(1964) Ching-Yi Dougherty: Chinese syntactic rules for machine translation [with S.E.Martin, and discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.154-164.

(1964) Doug Johnson: [Paper on stratification grammar for Chinese, with discussion].  In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.148-154.

(1964) James H. White: The methodology of sememic analysis with special application to the English preposition. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.15-31 [PDF, 255KB]

(1963) Ching-yi Dougherty: Writing of Chinese recognition grammar for machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35

(1963) Sydney M. Lamb: Linguistic structure and machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39

(1963) Sydney M.Lamb: Machine-aided translation. Berkeley: University of California, Sept.1963; 6pp. [PDF, 27KB]

(1963) John H. Wahlgren: Derivational suffixes in Russian general vocabulary and in chemical nomenclature. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.42

(1962) Yuen Ren Chao: Translation without machine. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.504-510. [PDF, 45KB]

(1962) M.Kay: A parsing procedure. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.328-329. [PDF]

(1962) M.Kay: Rules of interpretation – an approach to the problem of computation in the semantics of natural language. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.318-321. [PDF, 147KB]

(1961) Seymour Chatman: The classification of English verbs by object types. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.84-94. [PDF, 41KB] [discussion]

(1961) Sydney M. Lamb: On the mechanization of syntactic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.674-684. [PDF, 37KB] [discussion]

(1961) Sydney M. Lamb & William H. Jacobsen, Jr.: A high-speed large-capacity dictionary system.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.76-107. [PDF, 640KB]

(1961) John H. Wahlgren: Linguistic analysis of Russian chemical terminology. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 250-263. [PDF, 88KB] [discussion]

(1960) S.M.Lamb: Berkeley presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.8-10.

(1960) Sydney M.Lamb: MT research at the University of California, Berkeley. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.140-154. [PDF, 105KB]

(1960) Sydney M.Lamb: Segmentation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.335-342. [PDF, 63KB]

(1960) James W.Marchand: German syntax patterns. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.234-244. [PDF, 79KB]

(1957) Paul Pimsleur: Semantic frequency counts, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 11-13 [PDF, 111KB]

(1955) Kenneth E.Harper: Translating Russian by machine. Journal of Communication 5 (2), Summer 1955; pp.41-46. [PDF, 31KB]

California, University of (Irvine) see University of California Irvine

California, University of (Los Angeles) see University of California  Los Angeles

Carnegie Institute of Technology

(1966) Sheldon Klein: Historical change in language using Monte Carlo techniques. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1966; pp.67-82 [PDF, 393KB]

(1965) Sheldon Klein: Automatic paraphrasing in essay format. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.68-83 [PDF, 301KB]

C-E-I-R Inc.

 (1960) B.D.Blickstein: The high-speed general-purpose computers in machine translation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.485-490. [PDF, 60KB]

(1960) Ariadne Lukjanow: Report on some principles of the unified transfer system.  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.88-120. [PDF, 158KB]

(1960) Ariadne W.Lukjanow: Semantic classification. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.394-397. [PDF, 64KB]

Central Intelligence Agency

(1961) Paul W. Howerton: The parameters of an operational machine translation system.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.108-111. [PDF, 131KB]

Chicago University

(1968) D. Kathryn Weintraub: The English relative clause. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 89-102 [PDF, 253KB]

(1967) John M. Dolan: A note on Quine’s theory of radical translation. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.11-17 [PDF, 220KB]

(1967) Victor H.Yngve: Some applications of computers in linguistics. In: Languages and areas: studies presented to George V.Bobrinskoy on the occasion of his retirement by members of the Departments of Linguistics and of Slavic Languages and Literatures and of the Committee on South Asian Studies of the University of Chicago. (Chicago, Illinois, 1967); pp.172-179. [PDF, 89KB]

CIA see Central Intelligence Agency

City University of New York see New York, City University of

Colorado State University

(1966) Jocelyn Brewer: English article insertion. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1966; pp.83-96 [PDF, 263KB]

Columbia University

(1963) Joseph Jaffe: Simultaneous computation of lexical and extralinguistic information measures in dialogue. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.37.

(1959) F.H.Ellis: Human translateability test. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix I] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1959;  2 pp. [PDF, 10KB]

Computer Concepts Inc.

(1965) M. Zarechnak: An applied radical semantics. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.90-96 [PDF, 179KB]

Computer Usage Company

(1963) A.Opler, R.Silverstone, Y.Saleh, M.Hildebran, & I.Slutzky: The application of table processing concepts to the Sakai translation technique. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.40

Cornell University

(1969) G.Salton: Automatic processing of foreign language documents. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 4; 29pp. [PDF, 755KB]

Device Devlopment Corporation

(1968) Gordon L.Walker, Susumu Kuno, Barbara N.Smith, & Roland B.Holt: Chinese mathematical text analysis. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Writing and Speech vol. EWS-11, no.2; pp.118-128. [note]

Eastman Kodak Company

(1963) John F. Tinker: Learning and translating by machines.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.47-49 [PDF, 97KB]

Electrada Corporation

(1960) Robert M.Hayes: Summation by chairman [of Session 4: Methodology.]  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.225-226. [PDF, 37KB]

General Dynamics

(1965) Swaminathan Madhu & Dean W.Lytle: A figure of merit technique for the resolution of non-grammatical ambiguity. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.9-13 [PDF, 167KB]

Georgetown University

(1968) Sergei Perschke: Machine translation—the second phase of development. Endeavour, vol.27; pp.97-100. [PDF, 76KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: 'The Georgetown-IBM experiment of 1954: an evaluation in retrospect'. In: William M.Austin (ed) Papers in linguistics in honor of Léon Dostert (The Hague: Paris), pp.46-56. [PDF, 200KB]

(1967) Bozena Henisz-Dostert: Experimental machine translation. In: William M.Austin (ed) Papers in linguistics in honor of Léon Dostert (The Hague: Paris, 1967); pp.57-91. [PDF, 500KB]

 (1966) Milos Pacak: Computational morphology. TA Informations 1966, pt.1; pp.25-36. [PDF, 236KB]

(1963) R.R.Macdonald: Georgetown University Machine Translation research project. General report 1952-1963. Occasional Papers on Machine Translation no.30, June 1963, prepared by R.R.Macdonald; xxi, 236pp. [PDF, 1087KB]

(1963) Léon Dostert: Machine translation and automatic language data processing. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963); pp.92-110. [PDF, 185KB]

(1963) Milos Pacak: Homographs: their classification and identification. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963); pp.111-132. [PDF, 611KB]

(1963) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages—comparative morphosyntactic research. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.40-41

 (1962) A.F.R.Brown: Automatic translation of languages. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 27-54. [PDF, 201KB]

(1962) J.A.Moyne: Georgetown automatic translation: general information and operation manual. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Machine Translation Research, 1962; ii,27pp. [without appendices.] [PDF, 379KB]

(1961) Milos Pacak & Antonina Boldyreff: The morphological abstraction of Russian verbs.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.51-62. [PDF, 209KB]

(1961) Lawrence Summers: Machine translation of Russian organic chemical names into English by analysis and resynthesis of the component fragments. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 266-277. [PDF, 78KB] [discussion]

(1961) Michael Zarechnak: A fourth level of linguistic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 160-171. [PDF, 131KB] [discussion]

 (1960) A.F.R.Brown: Flexibility versus speed. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.444-450. [PDF, 57KB]

(1960) Léon Dostert: Summation by chairman [of Session 1: Current research]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.49-51. [PDF, 101KB]

 (1960) M.Zarechnak & A.F.R.Brown: Current research at Georgetown University. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.63-87. [PDF, 161KB]

(1960) Michael Zarechnak: Nesting within the prepositional structure. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.267-279. [PDF, 118KB]

(1960) M.Zarechnak & A.F.R.Brown: Georgetown University presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.5-6.

(1959) L.E.Dostert: Approaches to the reduction of ambiguity in machine translation. Journal of the SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) 68 (4), April 1959; pp.234-235. [PDF, 212KB]

(1959) Paul L.Garvin: Some Soviet papers on machine translation. International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics 1 (2), 1959; pp.280-283. [PDF, 128KB]

(1959) Milos Pacak: Morphology in terms of mechanical translation.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machi ne Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.881-885. [PDF, 60KB]

(1959) Michael Zarechnak: General analysis technique: a system of mechanical translation. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation, [1959]; 15pp. [PDF, 56KB]

(1959) Michael Zarechnak: Three levels of linguistic analysis in machine translation. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol.6, no.1; pp.24-32. [PDF, 142KB]

 (1958) A.F.R.Brown: Language translation. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol.5, no.1; pp.1-8. [PDF, 51KB]

(1957) William M.Austin: Language as symbolic logic.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.39-43. [PDF, 131KB]

(1957) William M.Austin: The theoretical basis of the uni-directional matching (Lukjanow) method. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation. (Seminar Work Paper: MT – 36), 1957; 13pp. [PDF, 64KB]

(1957) Dan A.Belmore: Programming aspects of MT.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.163-166. [PDF, 86KB]

(1957) Leon Dostert: Brief history of machine translation research. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.3-10. [PDF, 37KB]

(1957) Léon Dostert: Foreword. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); p.vii. [PDF, 50KB]

(1957) Léon Dostert: Practical objectives of machine translation research.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.181-186 [PDF, 76KB]

(1957) Frank Fadner: Introduction. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.1-2. [PDF, 20KB]

(1957) Paul L.Garvin: Linguistic analysis and translation analysis.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.19-38. [PDF, 194KB]

(1957) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.502-510.

(1957) Paul L.Garvin: [contributions to] Discussion [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); p.518.

(1957) Paul L.Garvin, Dorita Lochak, Madeleine Mathiot, & Christine Anne Montgomery: Report of group II of the GU project in MT research. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation (Seminar Work Paper M-73), 1957; 22pp. [PDF, 44KB]

(1957) Ariadne W.Lukjanow: Statement of the proposed method for mechanical translation. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation. (Seminar Work Paper: MT – 35), 1957; 13pp. [PDF, 118KB]

(1957) Hugo J.Mueller: German pre-nominal modifiers as clues in machine translation.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.89-101. [PDF, 47KB]

(1957) Jane A.Pyne: Some ideas on inter-structural syntax.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.143-149. [PDF, 106KB]

(1957) Michael Zarechnak: Report on the work in MT at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.518-521.

(1957) M.M.Zarechnak: Types of Russian sentences.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.135-141. [PDF, 143KB]

(1956) L.E.Dostert: Organization and method in mechanical translation work, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; p. 35 [PDF, 82KB]

(1956) Paul L.Garvin: Some linguistic problems in machine translation. In: Morris Halle, Horace G.Lunt, Hugh McLean, Cornelis H.van Schooneveld (eds.) For Roman Jakobson: essays on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, 11 October 1956. (The Hague: Mouton, 1956); pp.180-186. [PDF, 79KB]

(1955) Leon E.Dostert: The Georgetown-I.B.M. experiment. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 124-135.

(1955) Jacob Ornstein: Mechanical translation: new challenge to communication. Science 122 (21 October 1955); pp.745-748. [PDF, 198KB]

(1954) Neil Macdonald: Language translation by machine - a report of the first successful trial. Computers and Automation 3 (2), February 1954; pp.6-10. [PDF, 239KB]

Georgia Institute of Technology

(1969) Ernst von Glasersfeld: Semantics and the syntactic classification of words. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 22; 21pp. [PDF, 631KB]

(1969) Pier Paolo Pisani: Organization and programming of the multistore parser. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 25; 24pp. [PDF, 610KB]

(1967) James Gough, Jr.: On the German locative: a study in symbols. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp. 68-84 [PDF, 339KB]

Georgia University

(1969) Ernst von Glasersfeld: Semantics and the syntactic classification of words. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 22; 21pp. [PDF, 631KB]

Harvard University

(1968) Gordon L.Walker, Susumu Kuno, Barbara N.Smith, & Roland B.Holt: Chinese mathematical text analysis. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Writing and Speech vol. EWS-11, no.2; pp.118-128. [note]

(1967) W.J.Plath: Multiple-path analysis and automatic translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.267-315.

(1966) John B. Carroll: An experiment in evaluating the quality of translations. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1966; pp.55-66 [PDF, 264KB]

(1966) John B.Carroll: An experiment in evaluating the quality of translations. Appendix 10 in: Language and machines: computers in translation and linguistics. A report by the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council, 1966); pp.67-75. [PDF, 144KB]

(1966) Susumu Kuno: The augmented predictive analyzer for context-free languages – its relative efficiency. Communications of the ACM 9 (11), November 1966; pp.810-823. [note]

(1965) Susumu Kuno: The predictive analyzer and a path elimination technique. Communications of the ACM 8 (7), July 1965; pp.453-462. [note]

(1965) Susumu Kuno: A system for transformational analysis. Coling 1965: International Conference on Commputational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 48pp. [PDF, 1651KB]

(1965) A.G. Oettinger: Automatic processing of natural and formal languages. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.9-16. [PDF, 137KB]

(1963) Susumu Kuno: Sentence structure diagrams. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39

(1963) Susumu Kuno & Anthony G.Oettinger: Syntactic structure and ambiguity of English. Proceedings of AFIPS 1963 Fall Joint computer Conference (New York: Spartan Books, 1963); vol.24, pp.397-418. [PDF, 308KB]

(1963) Anthony G.Oettinger: The state of the art of automatic language translation: an appraisal. Beiträge zur Sprachkunde und Informationsverarbeitung, vol.2 (1963), 17-29. [PDF, 106KB]

(1963) Warren Plath: Mathematical linguistics. In: Christine Mohrmann, Alf Sommerfelt and Joshua Whatmough (eds.) Trends in European and American Linguistics 1930-1960 (Utrecht/Antwerp: Spectrum Publ., 1963); pp.21-57. [PDF, 296KB]

(1963) Warren J. Plath: Path economization in exhaustive left-to-right syntactic analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.41

(1962) S.Kuno & A.G.Oettinger: Multiple-path syntactic analyzer. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.306-311. [PDF, 267KB]

(1962) A.G.Oettinger: The boundary between syntax and semantics. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); p.333. [PDF]

(1962) M.E.Sherry: Syntactic problems in semantic analysis. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.336-337. [PDF]

(1961) William D. Foust & Julia R. Walkling: A preliminary structural transfer system. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 196-206. [PDF, 111KB] [discussion]

(1961) Vincent E. Giuliano: A formula finder for the automatic synthesis of translation algorithms.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.11-24. [PDF, 343KB]

(1961) Susumu Kuno: A preliminary approach to Japanese-English automatic translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.8-23. [PDF, 150KB] [discussion]

(1961) Irina Lynch: Russian –СЯ verbs, impersonally used verbs and subject/object ambiguities. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.478-502. [PDF, 200KB] [discussion]

(1961) Anthony G. Oettinger: Automatic syntactic analysis and the pushdown store. In: Structure of language and its mathematical aspects [ed. Roman Jakobson]. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, 1961. (Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, vol. XII); pp. 104-129.

(1961) Warren Plath: Automatic sentence diagramming.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 176-191. [PDF, 103KB] [discussion]

(1961) Gerard Salton & R.W.Thorpe: An approach to the segmentation problem in speech analysis and language translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.704-724. [PDF, 130KB]

(1960) William D.Foust: Automatic English inflection. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of Ca lifornia, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.229-233. [PDF, 56KB]

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: Introduction [to Session 11: equipment.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); p.484. [PDF, 30KB]

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: The logic of automatic formula synthesis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.462-471. [PDF, 100KB]

(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger: Automatic language translation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960; xix, 380pp.

(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger & Murray E.Sherry: Current research on automatic translation at Harvard University and predictive syntactic analysis.  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.173-182. [PDF, 102KB]

(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger: A new theory of translation and its applications. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.363-366. [PDF, 69KB]

(1960) Murray E.Sherry: Automatic affix interpretation and reliability of the Harvard automatic dictionary. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.317-324. [PDF, 83KB]

(1959) V.E.Giuliano & A.G.Oettinger: Research on automatic translation at the Harvard Computation Laboratory. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.163-183. [PDF, 391KB]

(1959) Anthony G.Oettinger: Automatic (transference, translation, remittance, shunting). In: Reuben A.Brower (ed.) On translation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959); pp.240-267. [Reprint: New York: Oxford University Press, 1966] [PDF, 272KB]

(1958) Anthony G. Oettinger: A trip to the Soviet Union. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Computation Laboratory, Harvard University, August 1958; 6pp. [PDF, 24KB]

(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: A survey of Soviet work on automatic translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 101-110 [PDF, 167KB]

(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: An input device for the Harvard automatic dictionary, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 2-7 [PDF, 582KB]

(1958) A.G.Oettinger, W.Foust, V.Giuliano, K.Magassy, & L.Matejka: Linguistic and machine methods for compiling and updating the Harvard automatic dictionary. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, Washington, D.C., November 16-21, 1958 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, 1959); pp.951-973. [PDF, 309KB]

(1958) Gerard Salton: The use of punctuation patterns in machine translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 16-24 [PDF, 173KB]

(1957) Roderick Gould: Multiple correspondence, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 14-27 and 43 [PDF, 218KB]

(1956) George A.Miller & J.G.Beebe-Center: 'Some psychological methods for evaluating the quality of translations', Mechanical Translation 3 (3), December 1956; pp. 73-80 [PDF, 151KB]

(1956) A.G.Oettinger: Structure identification in automatic translation. Presentation at International Conference on Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956; 2pp. [PDF, 38KB]

(1955) Anthony G.Oettinger: The design of an automatic Russian-English technical dictionary. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 47-65.

(1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: The distribution of word length in technical Russian, Mechanical Translation 1 (3), December 1954; pp. 38-40 [PDF, 116KB]

(1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: A study for the design of an automatic dictionary. A thesis presented…for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy… Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April, 1954; chapter 1 [only]; 11pp. [PDF, 38KB]

Honeywell Inc.

(1966) J.M.Lufkin: Human v. machine translation of foreign languages. The Incorporated Linguist 5(1), January 1966; pp.9-15. [PDF, 436KB]

IBM  see International Business Machines

Illinois Institute of Technology

(1955) Luitgard Wundheiler & Alex Wundheiler: Some logical concepts for syntax. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 194-207.

Indiana University

(1960) D.Ellson: University of Indiana presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; p.22.

(1960) Thomas A.Sebeok: Summation by chairman [of Session 3: Current research]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.193-194. [PDF, 44KB]

Institute of Advanced Study (Princeton, NJ)

(1966) H.L.Resnikoff & J.L.Dolby: The nature of affixing in written English, part II. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.23-33 [PDF, 387KB]

Intelligent Machines Research Corporation

(1957) Clyde C.Heasly: Character sensing as an input to machine translation.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.53-59. [PDF, 78KB]

International Business Machines

(1968) P.W.Culicover: Paraphrase generation and information retrieval from stored text. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 78-88 [PDF, 225KB]

(1967) W.J.Plath: Multiple-path analysis and automatic translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.267-315.

(1965) A.Andreyewsky: Subclassification of parts of speech in Russian: verbs. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 11pp. [PDF, 468KB]

 (1965) Dan M.Bowers & Miles B.Fisk: The World’s Fair machine translator. Computer Design April 1965; pp.16-22, 25-26,28-29. [PDF, 327KB]

(1965) Sheila M. Pfafflin: Evaluation of machine translation by reading comprehension tests and subjective judgments.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.2-8 [PDF, 179KB]

(1964) Dave Lieberman: [paper on research at IBM]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.60-64.

(1964) Dave Lieberman: [second presentation on research at IBM]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.80-88.

(1964) S.S.Soo: [paper on IBM research, with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.73-79.

(1964) Fred Wong: [paper on research on Chinese syntax at IBM, with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.64-72.

(1964) IBM Language Processing Systems, December 15, 1964; 12pp. [PDF, 171KB]

(1963) C.G.Borkowski & L.R.Micklesen: Generative processes for Russian impersonal sentences. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

(1963) Gilbert W.King & Hsien-Wu Chang: Machine translation of Chinese. Scientific American 208, June 1963; pp.124-135 [with correspondence between Antony G.Oettinger and Gilbert W.King] [PDF, 315KB]

(1963) D. Lieberman: A procedure for automatic sentence structure analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39

(1963) L.R.Micklesen & P.H.Smith, Jr.: An algorithm for the translation of Russian inorganic-chemistry terms. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39-40

(1963) A.Opler, R.Silverstone, Y.Saleh, M.Hildebran, & I.Slutzky: The application of table processing concepts to the Sakai translation technique. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.40

(1963) Robert Tabory: Specifications for generative grammars used in language data processing. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.41-42

(1961) Lew R.Micklesen: Source-language specification with table lookup and high-capacity dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 318-340. [PDF, 193KB] [discussion]

(1960) J.L.Craft, E.H.Goldman, & W.B.Strohm: A table-lookup machine for processing of natural languages.(Research report RC-307, July 5, 1960; revised February 27, 1961) New York: IBM); 30pp. [PDF, 808KB] on MT miscellanymz

(1960) Gilbert W. King: Functions required of a translation system. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.53-62. [PDF, 99KB]

(1960) Neil Macdonald: The photoscopic language translator.  Computers and Automation, August 1960; pp.6-8. [PDF, 35KB]

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen: An experiment in the automatic selection or rejection of technical terms. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.398-408. [PDF, 135KB]

(1960) [Automatic translation – of Russian article in Izvestia, August 14 1960] [Handout from IBM.] 6pp. [PDF, 58KB]

(1959) Gilbert W.King: Final report on computer set AN/GSQ-16 (XW-1), vol.I: the photoscopic memory system. Yorktown Heights, New York (RADC-TR 59-110): IBM Research Center, June 20, 1959; [3], 25pp. [PDF, 1346KB]

(1955) Jacob Ornstein: Mechanical translation: new challenge to communication. Science 122 (21 October 1955); pp.745-748. [PDF, 198KB]

(1955) Peter Sheridan: Research in language translation on the IBM type 701. IBM Technical Newsletter 9 (January 1955); pp.5-24.[PDF, 248KB]

(1954) Neil Macdonald: Language translation by machine - a report of the first successful trial. Computers and Automation 3 (2), February 1954; pp.6-10. [PDF, 239KB]

(1954) A.C. Reynolds: The conference on mechanical translation held at M.I.T., June 17-20, 1952. Mechanical Translation 1(3), December 1954; pp. 47-55 [PDF, 97KB]

(1952) A.C.Reynolds: Conference on mechanical translations, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 17-20, 1952. [New York: IBM, September 16, 1952]; 14pp. [original typescript of report later published in “Mechanical Translation” in 1954.] [PDF, 526KB]

International Telemeter Corporation, Los Angeles

(1957) Gilbert W.King: The requirements of lexical storage.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.79-87. [PDF, 48KB]

(1956) Gilbert W.King: 'Stochastic methods of mechanical translation', Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 38-39 [PDF, 85KB]

(1956) Gilbert W.King & Irving L.Wieselman: Stochastic methods of machine translation. [Los Angeles], International Telemeter Corporation, September 21, 1956; 10pp. [PDF, 33KB]

(1955) Gilbert W.King: A new approach to information storage. Control Engineering 2,  August 1955; pp.48-53. [PDF, 282KB]

Irvine, University of California see University of California Irvine

Itek Corporation

(1964) Dick Markus: Five steps to Chinese mechanical translation [paper with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.39-59

(1964) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages: comparative morphosyntactic analysis. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.11-14 [PDF, 153KB]

(1960) Thyllis Williams: From text to topic in mechanized searching systems. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.358-362. [PDF, 52KB]

John Carroll University

(1959) John L.Melton: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

Linguistics Research Center (University of Texas) see Texas, University: Linguistics Research Center

Lockheed Missiles and Space Company (Palo Alto, CA)

(1967) Lois L.Earl: Automatic determination of parts of speech of English words.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp.53-67 [PDF, 583KB]

(1967) L.L.Earl, B.V.Bhimani, & R.P.Mitchell: Statistics of operationally defined homonyms of elementary words. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.11-17 [PDF, 280KB]

(1966) Lois L. Earl: Structural definition of affixes from multisyllable words. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.34-37 [PDF, 171KB]

(1966) Lois L. Earl: Structural definition of affixes from multisyllable words. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.34-37 [PDF, 171KB]

(1965) H.L.Resnikoff & J.L.Dolby: The nature of affixing in written English. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.84-89 [PDF, 173KB]

(1963) J.L.Dolby & H.L.Resnikoff: The graphic structure of word-breaking. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.34-35

(1963) E.R.Gammon: On representing syntactic structure. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35

(1961) R.P.Mitchell: A note on categorical grammars. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 212-219 [with discussion]. [PDF, 126KB]

Los Angeles: University of California see University of California Los Angeles

Machine Translation Ltd.

(1961) Russian language translated at 60,000 words per hour. Computers and Automation 10 (8), Augusr 1961, 7B. [PDF, 15KB]

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(1968) Julie Beth Lovins: Development of a stemming algorithm. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 22-31 [PDF, 297KB]

(1967) Victor H.Yngve: MT at M.I.T. 1965. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.451-523.

(1966) Wayne A.Lea: The “spectrum” of weak generative powers of grammars. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.10-14 [PDF, 200KB]

(1965) Jared L. Darlington: Machine methods for proving logical arguments expressed in English.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.41-67 [PDF, 422KB]

(1964) Ron Hofmann: Tables for manual conversion between systems of Mandarin transliteration [paper with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.11-18.

(1964) Ben K.T’sou: Sample sentences generated by computer [paper with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.18-30.

(1964) Victor H.Yngve: Implications of mechanical translation research. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol.108, no.4, 1964; pp.275-281. [PDF, 75KB]

(1964) Vic Yngve: [on MT research at MIT]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.6-11.

(1963) Elinor K.Charney: Sentence-meaning and word-meaning. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.176-180. [PDF, 25KB]

(1963) Elinor K. Charney: Word-meaning and sentence-meaning. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.34

(1963) J.L.Darlington: Logical evaluation of arguments stated in “format Q”. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1963; pp.265-268. [PDF, 30KB]

(1963) J.L.Darlington: An ordinary language input for a COMIT proof-procedure program. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.174-176. [PDF, 23KB]

(1963) Jared L. Darlington: Translating ordinary language into symbolic logic. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.34

(1963) G.H.Harman & V.H.Yngve: Generative grammars without transformation rules. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.171-173. [PDF, 24KB]

(1963) Edward S. Klima: Interlingual correspondences at the syntactic level. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.38

(1963) Bertram Raphael: A computer representation for semantic information. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.41

(1963) Arnold C. Satterthwait: Computational research in Arabic.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.62-70 [PDF, 224KB]

(1963) Victor H.Yngve: Automatic machine translation: potentialities for Braille encoding. Proceedings of the International Congress on Technology and Blindness (William Byrd Press, 1963), vol.I; pp.393-402. [PDF, 45KB]

(1963) Victor H. Yngve: On the order of clauses. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.42

(1963) V.H.Yngve: Research objectives. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; p.171.[PDF, 11KB]

(1962) John S. Bross: Problems of equivalence in some German and English constructions.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.1, July 1962; pp.8-16 [PDF, 189KB]

(1962) Elinor Charney: Linguistic analogues of the free-variable.  Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1962; pp.208-211. [PDF, 26KB]

(1962) Elinor K.Charney: On the problem of sentence synonymy. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1962; pp.289-293. [PDF, 40KB]

(1962) Jared Darlington: Interlingua and MT, a discussion. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.1, July 1962; pp.2-7 [PDF, 128KB]

(1962) Maurice Gross: On the equivalence of models of language used in the fields of mechanical translation and information retrieval. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 123-137. [PDF, 111KB]

(1962) E.S.Klima: Correspondence at the grammatical level.  Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1962; pp.212-229. [PDF, 105KB]

(1962) E.S.Klima: Relatedness between grammatical systems.  Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., April, 1962; pp.175-186. [PDF, 261KB]

(1962) K.C.Knowlton: Sentence parsing with a self-organizing heuristic program. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1962; pp.167-168. [PDF,  59KB]

(1962) W.K.Percival: German word order rules. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1962; pp.168-171. [PDF, 61KB]

(1962) Ross Quillian: A revised design for an understanding machine.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.1, July 1962; pp.17-29 [PDF, 201KB]

(1962) A.C.Satterthwait: Arabic to English translation. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1962; pp.171-176. [PDF, 87KB]

(1962) Victor H.Yngve: Computer programs for translation. Scientific American, vol.206, no.6, June 1962; pp. 68-76. [PDF, 1161KB]

(1962) V.H.Yngve: Status of research. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1962; pp.207-208. [PDF,  22KB]

(1961) J.L.Bennett, Carol Bosche, F.Helwig, Muriel Kannel, & V.H.Yngve: COMIT.  In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.214.

(1961) Elinor K.Charney: On the semantical interpretation of linguistic entities that function structurally. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.544-556. [PDF, 76KB] [discussion]

(1961) Elinor Charney: Semantics.  In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.209-211.

(1961) J.L.Darlington: Interlingua. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.213.

(1961) D.A.Dinneen: French grammar. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.208-209.

(1961) E.S.Klima: Comparative syntax. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.206-207.

(1961) Edward S. Klima: Structure at the lexical level and its implications for transfer grammar. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.98-108. [PDF, 29KB] [discussion]

(1961)  D.Lieberman: Evaluation. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.211-212.

(1961) G.H.Matthews: Analysis by synthesis of sentences of natural languages. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.532-540. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]

(1961) G.H.Matthews: Recognition routine. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.205-206.

(1961) W.K.Percival: Syncategorematic adjectives. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.214.

(1961) W.K.Percival: Theory of translation. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.214.

(1961) A.C.Satterthwait: Arabic translation. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.212-213.

(1961) J.J.Viertel: English and German grammars. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.209.

(1961) Victor H. Yngve: Random generation of English sentences. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.66-80. [PDF, 146KB] [discussion]

(1961) V.H.Yngve: Status of research. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1961; pp.197-198. [PDF, 22KB]

(1961) V.H.Yngve: Syntactic phenomena. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.205

(1960) J.R.Applegate: The German noun phrase. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1960; p.184. [PDF, 22KB]

(1960) Joseph R.Applegate: Syntax of the German noun phrase. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.280-285. [PDF, 57KB]

(1960) D.Lieberman & V.Yngve: Massachusetts Institute of Technology presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.6-8.

(1960) G.H.Matthews: The use of grammars within the mechanical translation routine. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.245-248. [PDF, 52KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: The COMIT system. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.439-443. [PDF, 51KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: Mechanical translation research: statement…before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, May 11, 1960; 5pp. [PDF, 31KB]

(1960) Victor H. Yngve: MT at MIT: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.126-132. [PDF, 69KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: A model and an hypothesis for language structure. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol.104, no.5, October 1964; pp.444-466. [PDF, 2126KB]

(1960) V.H.Yngve: Research objectives. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1960; p.183. [PDF, 19KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: [Closing address]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); p.520.

(1959) W.S.Cooper: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1959) V.H.Yngve: The COMIT system for mechanical translation.  Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.183-187. [PDF, 53KB]

(1959) Victor H.Yngve: In defense of English. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.935-940. [PDF, 36KB]

(1959) V.H.Yngve: A model and a hypothesis for language structure. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1959; p.157. [PDF, 19KB]

(1959) V.Yngve: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1958) W.S.Cooper: Compact encoding of reference data. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1958; pp.175-178. [PDF, 38KB]

(1958) William S.Cooper: The storage problem, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 74-83 [PDF, 248KB]

(1958) G.H.Matthews & Syrell Rogovin: German sentence recognition, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 114-119 [PDF, 139KB]

(1958) V.H.Yngve & G.H.Matthews: A compiler-interpreter for mechanical translation. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1958; p.176. [PDF, 19KB]

(1958) Victor H.Yngve: The feasibility of machine searching of English texts. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, Washington, D.C., November 16-21, 1958 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, 1959); pp.975-995. [PDF, 115KB]

(1958) Victor H.Yngve: A programming language for mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 25-41 [PDF, 282KB]

(1957) R.B.Lees: Generation of nominal compounds in English. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1957; pp.131-132. [PDF, 27KB]

(1957) R.B.Lees: Structural grammars, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 5-10 [PDF, 155KB]

(1957) R.B.Lees: Structural grammars. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., April, 1957; pp.133-134. [PDF, 22KB]

(1957) W.N.Locke & V.H.Yngve: Research in translation by machine at M.I.T. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.510-514.

(1957) William N.Locke: [contributions to] Discussion [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.521-523.

(1957) Bjarne Ulvestad: Syntactical variants, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 28-34 [PDF, 164KB]

(1957) V.H.Yngve: A framework for syntactic translation, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 59-65 [PDF, 141KB]

(1957) V.H.Yngve: Present status of the research. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1957; pp.131-132. [PDF, 24KB]

(1957) Victor H.Yngve: The technical feasibility of translating languages by machine.  Communication and Electronics 28 (January 1957), 792-797. [PDF, 93KB]

(1956) J. R. Applegate: Structure of the German noun phrase. [Presentation at International Conference on Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956]; 4 pp. [PDF, 19KB]

(1956) William N.Locke: Language and machines. In: Jesse H.Shera, Allen Kent, James W.Perry (eds.) Documentation in action. Based on1956 conference on documentation at Western Reserve University (New York: Reinhold Publ.Co., 1956); pp. 313-317. [PDF, 28KB]

(1956) William N.Locke: Translation by machine. Scientific American, vol.194, no.1, January 1956; pp. 29-33. [PDF, 1002KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: Gap analysis and syntax. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.IT-2, no.3 (1956); pp.106-112. [PDF, 80KB]

 (1956) Victor H.Yngve: Mechanical translation. Cambridge, Mass.:, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts  Institute of Technology, [1956; not published] [PDF, 37KB]

(1956) Victor H. Yngve: Mechanical translation research at MIT, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 44-45 [PDF, 91KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: The outlook for mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.99-101. [PDF, 31KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: Terminology in the light of research on mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.128-132. [PDF, 40KB]

 (1955) A.Donald Booth & William N.Locke: Historical introduction. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp.1-14.

(1955) W.N.Locke: Speech input. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 104-118.

(1955) Victor H.Yngve: Machines for the translation of languages. Journal of Communication 5 (2), Summer 1955, 35-40. [PDF, 34KB]

(1955) Victor H. Yngve: Sentence-for-sentence translation, Mechanical Translation 2 (2), November 1955; pp. 29-37 [PDF, 188KB]

(1955) V.H.Yngve: Syntactic categories. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1955; pp.93-95. [PDF, 51KB]

(1955) Victor H.Yngve: Syntax and the problem of multiple meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 208-226.

(1955) Victor H. Yngve: The translation of languages by machine [with discussion].  In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.195-203. [PDF, 75KB]

 (1954) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Can translation be mechanized? American Scientist 42; pp.248-260. [PDF, 73KB]

(1954) V.H.Yngve: Language as an error correcting code. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., April, 1954; pp.73-74. [PDF, 21KB]

(1954) Victor H. Yngve: The machine and man, Mechanical Translation 1 (2), August 1954; pp. 20-22 [PDF, 53KB]

(1954) V.H.Yngve: Mechanical translation. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1954; p.74. [PDF, 16KB]

 (1953) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Machine translation. Computers and Automation 2 (5); pp.1-6. [PDF, 40KB]

(1953) V.H.Yngve: Mechanical translation. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1953; pp.35-36. [PDF, 19KB]

(1952) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Mechanical translation: needs and possibilities Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 77KB]

(1952) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Operational grammar Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 107KB]

(1952) James W. Perry: Machine techniques for index searching and for machine translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 68KB]

(1947) Warren Weaver & Norbert Wiener: [Correspondence, March-May 1947.]; original texts [PDF, 20KB]; photocopies of original typescripts [PDF, 75KB]

Michigan, University of

(1961) W. Smoke & E. Dubinsky: A program for the machine translation of natural languages.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.2-10. [PDF, 233KB]

(1959) Andreas Koutsoudas: Machine translation at the University of Michigan. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.765-770. [PDF, 39KB]

 (1957) Andreas Koutsoudas & Assya Humecky: Ambiguity of syntactic function resolved by linear context. Word 13 (3), December 1957; pp.403-414. [PDF, 235KB]

(1957) Andreas Koutsoudas: Mechanical translation and Zipf’s law. Language 33, 545-552. [PDF, 152KB]

(1957) Ilse Lehiste: Order of subject and predicate in scientific Russian, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 66-67 [PDF, 104KB]

(1956) A. Koutsoudas & R. Machol: Mechanical translation work at the University of Michigan, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; p. 34, 41 [PDF, 104KB]

(1956) A. Koutsoudas & R. Korfhage: Mechanical translation and the problem of multiple meaning Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 46-51 [PDF, 225KB]

MITRE Corporation

(1971) D.Walker: The current status of computer hardware and software as it affects the development of high quality machine translation. In: Feasibility study on fully automatic high quality translation. New York: Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss Air Force Base, December 1971; pp.533-535. [PDF, 17KB]

National Academy of Sciences see National Research Council

National Bureau of Standards

(1967) Ida Rhodes: The importance of the glossary storage in machine translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.429-449.

(1965) Leroy F.Meyers: Morphological classification in the National Bureau of Standards mechanical translation system. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery,12 (4), October 1965; pp.437-472. [PDF, 430KB]

(1962) Ida Rhodes & Franz L.Alt: The hindsight technique in machine translation of natural languages. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards – B. Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Vol.66B, no.2, April-June 1962; pp.47-51. [PDF, 6861KB]

(1962) Ida Rhodes: Syntactic integration carried out mechanically. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 205-209. [PDF, 38KB]

(1961) Franz L. Alt & Ida Rhodes: Recognition of clauses and phrases in machine translation of languages. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 126-142. [PDF, 124KB] [discussion]

(1961) Ida Rhodes: A new approach to the mechanical syntactic analysis of Russian.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.33-50. [PDF, 719KB]

(1960) Franz L.Alt: The outlook for machine translation. Proceedings of the AFIPS Western Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 17. San Francisco, Calif., May 1960; pp.203-208. [PDF, 60KB]

(1960) F.Alt: National Bureau of Standards presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.18-20.

(1960) E.W.Cannon: Summation by chairman [of Session 2: Current research].  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.136-138. [PDF, 41KB]

(1960) Ida Rhodes: The National Bureau of Standards method of syntactic integration. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.39-44. [PDF, 74KB]

(1959) Ida Rhodes: The NBS translation method. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.218-219. [PDF]

(1959) S.N.Alexander: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1957) Richard B.Thomas: The use of SEAC in syntactic analysis.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.151-161. [PDF, 169KB]

National Cash Register Company

(1955) William E.Bull, Charles Africa, & Daniel Teichroew: Some problems of the “word”. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 86-103.

National Research Council: Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee

 (1967) Bryce Nelson: Machine translation: committee skeptical over research support. Science 155 (1967); pp.58-59. [PDF, 25KB]

(1967) James P.Titus: The nebulous future of machine translation. Communications of the ACM, vol.10, no.3, March 1967; pp.189-191. [PDF, 626KB]

(1966) Language and machines: computers in translation and linguistics. A report by the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee, Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. [Chairman: J.R.Pierce.] Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council, 1966. [14], 124pp. [Complete text , PDF, 1081KB; table of contents]

(1965) J.R.Pierce: Report of NAS-NRC Committee on automatic language processing. (Draft). Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Telephone Laboratories, May 4, 1965; 20pp. [lacks Appendices.] [PDF, 66KB]

National Science Foundation

(1964) Richard See: Mechanical translation and related language research.  Science 144 (3619), 8 May 1964; pp.621-626. [PDF, 85KB]

(1964) R.See: [On Chinese telegraphic code].  In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.164-173.

 (1960) Helen Bronson: Special report [of planning committee].  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.521-522. [PDF, 60KB]

North Dakota University

(1961) Lawrence Summers: Machine translation of Russian organic chemical names into English by analysis and resynthesis of the component fragments. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 266-277. [PDF, 78KB] [discussion]

Ohio State University

(1965) Leroy F.Meyers: Morphological classification in the National Bureau of Standards mechanical translation system. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery,12 (4), October 1965; pp.437-472. [PDF, 430KB]

(1964) Leroy Meyers & Ann Yue Hashimoto: Chinese grammars and the computer at the Ohio State University [and] A condensed account of syntactic analysis of Mandarin [discussion of papres]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.123-130.

(1964) Bill Wang: Project on linguistic analysis [paper and discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.105-123.

Pennsylvania, University of

(1962) Naomi Sager: A procedure for syntactic analysis. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.334-335. [PDF]

(1959) Lila R.Gleitman: The isolation of elements for a grammatical description of language.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.823-830. [PDF, 100KB]

(1959) Lila R.Gleitman: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1959) H.Hiż: Steps toward grammatical recognition. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.811-822. [PDF, 586KB]

(1959) H.Hiz: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1959) Aravind K.Joshi: Computation of syntactic structure.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.831-840. [PDF, 255KB]

(1954) Zellig S.Harris: Transfer grammar. International Journal of American Linguistics 20 (4), 259-270. [note]

 (1947) Andrew D.Booth & Kathleen H.V.Britten: General considerations in the design of an all purpose electronic digital computer. 2nd. Edition, August 1947. Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. ; [iii], 24pp. [PDF, 821KB]

Planning Research Corporation

(1960) H.P.Edmundson: Introduction [to Session 8: Information processing and linguistic analysis.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.356-357. [PDF, 39KB]

(1960) H.P.Edmundson: Orientation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); p.xvii. [PDF, 51KB]

(1960) H.P.Edmundson: Conclusion. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); p.523. [PDF, 54KB]

(1960) Victor Oswald: Introduction [to Session 8: Semantic resolution.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.384-385. [PDF, 40KB]

Princeton University: Institute of Advanced Study see Institute of Advanced Study (Princeton, NJ)

Ramo-Wooldridge Inc.

(1961) Paul L. Garvin: Automatic linguistic analysis – a heuristic problem. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.656-669. [PDF, 44KB] [discussion]

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: From model to procedure. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.367-370. [PDF, 50KB]

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: Syntactic retrieval. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.286-292. [PDF, 66KB]

(1960) Jules Mersel: Research in machine translation at Ramo-Wooldridge. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.26-38. [PDF, 96KB]

(1960) Don R.Swanson: Introduction [to Session 7: The dictionary]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.310-311. [PDF, 48KB]

(1960) Don R.Swanson: The nature of multiple meaning. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.386-393. [PDF, 83KB]

(1959) Anthony V.Banes, Howard L.Engel, & Don R.Swanson: An instruction code for language processing. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.755-758. [PDF, 34KB]

(1959) P.L.Garvin: Syntactic information retrieval. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1959) P.L.Garvin: [contribution to] Discussion [of] K.E.Harper and D.G.Hays: The use of machines in the construction of a grammar and computer program for structural analysis. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); p. 194. [PDF]

(1959) P.L.Garvin: [contribution to] Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1959) D.R.Swanson: “Word block model” for Russian-English syntax. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.219. [PDF]

(1956) Phillip Arey: Structural analysis of Russian mechanical translation. Abstract of notes to be presented for discussion at the informal meetings preceding the International Conference on Mechanical Translation on 20 October 1956 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; 1p. [PDF,11KB]

RAND Corporation

(1967) Kenneth E.Harper: Syntactic and semantic problems in automatic sentence generation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 9pp. [PDF,

 (1967) David G.Hays: Computaional linguistics: research in progress at the RAND Corporation. TA Informations 1967, pt.1; pp.15-20. [PDF, 148KB]

(1967) Martin Kay: Experiments with a powerful parser.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 21pp. [PDF, 844KB]

(1967) Robert M. Schwarcz: Steps toward a model of linguistic performance: a preliminary sketch. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp.39-52 [PDF, 276KB]

(1966) Jane Robinson: Endocentric constructions and the Cocke parsing logic. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.4-9 [PDF, 195KB]

(1965) Kenneth E. Harper: Measurement of similarity between nouns. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 23pp. [PDF, 769KB]

(1964) Kenneth E. Harper: The position of prepositional phrases in Russian. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.5-10 [PDF, 166KB]

(1964) David G.Hays: Dependency theory: a formalism and some observations.  Language 40 (4), 1964; pp.511-525. [note]

(1963) Kenneth E.Harper: Dictionary problems in machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.215-222. [48KB]

(1963) Kenneth E. Harper: A study of the combinatorial properties of Russian nouns. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36

(1963) Kenneth E.Harper: Machine translation.  Current Trends in Linguistics, vol.1: Soviet and East European Linguistics. (The Hague: Mouton, 1963); pp.133-142. [PDF, 146KB]

(1963) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36-37

(1963) David G.Hays: Research procedures in machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.183-214. [165KB]

(1962) D.G.Hays: Exhaustive parsing procedures. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.330-331. [PDF]

(1962) David G.Hays: An introduction to computational procedures in linguistic research. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 139-165. [PDF, 211KB]

(1961) H.P.Edmundson, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, & B.J.Scott: Studies in machine translation—8: Manual for postediting Russian text.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.63-71. [PDF, 240KB]

(1961) K.E.Harper: Procedures for the determination of distributional classes. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.688-698. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]

(1961) David G. Hays: On the value of dependency connection. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.578-590. [PDF, 68KB] [discussion]

(1961) Dean S.Worth: Transformation criteria for the classification of predicative genitive constructions in Russian. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.726-735. [PDF, 131KB]

(1960) Kenneth Harper: Soviet research in machine translation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.2-12. [PDF,55KB]

(1960) David G.Hays: Grouping and dependency theories. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.258-266. [PDF, 104KB]

(1960) David G.Hays: Linguistic research at the RAND Corporation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.13-25. [PDF, 203KB]

(1960) Hugh Kelly & Ted Ziehe: Glossary lookup made easy. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.325-334. [PDF, 84KB]

(1960) Hugh Kelly: MIMIC: a translator for English coding. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.451-461. [PDF, 91KB]

(1960) Willis Ware: Introduction [to Session 10: Programming.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); p.438. [PDF, 33KB]

(1960) Willis Ware: Summation by chairman  [of Session 10: programming.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.480-481. [PDF, 45KB]

(1960) Willis Ware: Summation by chairman [of Session 11: equipment]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.519-520. [PDF, 46KB]

(1960) T.Ziehe & K.Harper: Rand Corporation presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.14-15.

(1959) K.E.Harper & D.G.Hays: The use of machines in the construction of a grammar and computer program for structural analysis. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.188-194. [PDF, 129KB]

(1959) D.G.Hays: Introduction. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1959) D.G.Hays: [contribution to] Discussion [of] V.E.Giuliano and A.G.Oettinger: Research on automatic translation at the Harvard Computation Laboratory. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); p. 183. [PDF]

(1958) H.P.Edmundson & D.G.Hays: Research methodology for machine translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 8-15 [PDF, 147KB]

(1958) D.G.Hays: Order of subject and object in scientific Russian when other differentia are lacking, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 111-113 [PDF, 120KB]

(1956) Kenneth E. Harper: 'Contextual analysis in word-for-word MT', Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 40-41 [PDF, 77KB]

 (1956) David G. Hays: A projected study of semantic ambiguity. Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation: September 24, 1956; 2pp. [PDF, 14KB]

(1952) Olaf Helmer: The structure of the problem of mechanical translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (One page abstract) [PDF, 42KB]

R&D Consultants Company (Los Altos, CA)

(1966) H.L.Resnikoff & J.L.Dolby: The nature of affixing in written English, part II. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.23-33 [PDF, 387KB]

Rockefeller Foundation

(1955) Warren Weaver: The new tower. Foreword to: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp.v-vii.

(1955) Warren Weaver: Translation. [Reprint of memorandum written in July 1949.] In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 15-23.

(1951) W.F.Loomis: Present interest in mechanical translation. [New York: Rockefeller Foundation], March 6, 1951; 3pp. [PDF, 18KB]

(1951) W.F.Loomis: Mechanical translation [memorandum to Warren Weaver on current activity].  [New York]; Rockefeller Foundation, January 18, 1951; 4pp. [PDF, 22KB]

(1949) Warren Weaver: The mathematics of communication. Scientific American, vol.181, no.1, July 1949; pp.11-15. [PDF, 194KB]

(1949) Warren Weaver: Translation. 17 July 1949. [typescript], 13pp., [PDF, 88KB]; 13pp., photocopy of original [PDF, 296KB]

(1948) Warren Weaver & W.Prager: [Correspondence on decipherment, March 1948.] [PDF, 62KB]

(1947) Warren Weaver & Norbert Wiener: [Correspondence, March-May 1947.]; original texts [PDF, 20KB]; photocopies of original typescripts [PDF, 75KB]

Stanford University

(1969) Yorick Wilks: Interactive semantic analysis of English paragraphs. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 8; 33pp. [PDF, 1187KB]

Summer Institute of Linguistics

(1968) Joseph E. Grimes, John R. Alsop, & Alan Wares: Computer backup for field work in phonology. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 73-74 [PDF, 126KB]

System Development Corporation

(1968) Robert F. Simmons & John F. Burger: A semantic analyzer for English sentences. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 1-13 [PDF, 287KB]

(1966) Sheldon Klein: Historical change in language using Monte Carlo techniques. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1966; pp.67-82 [PDF, 393KB]

(1965) Sheldon Klein: Automatic paraphrasing in essay format. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.68-83 [PDF, 301KB]

(1963) Sheldon Klein: Some experiments performed with an automatic paraphraser. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.38

(1963) Sheldon Klein & Robert F. Simmons: Syntactic dependence and the computer generation of coherent discourse.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.50-61 [PDF, 248KB]

(1959) B.Rome: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1959) S.Rome: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

Texas University

(1960) Ramon D.Faulk: A general-purpose language translation program for the IBM 650 computer. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.409-421. [PDF, 108KB]

(1960) Stanley N. Werbow: Report on the Texas project.  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.121-125. [PDF, 64KB]

Texas, University: Linguistics Research Center

(1969) L.W.Tosh: Translation model with semantic capability. Linguistics 55; pp.58-69. [PDF, 156KB]

(1968) L.W.Tosh: Initial results of syntactic translation at the Linguistics Research Center. Linguistics 42 (1968); pp.96-116. [note]

(1967) L.W.Tosh: Stratificational grammar and interlingual mapping for automatic translation. Actes du Xe Congrès International des Linguistes, Bucurest, 28 août – 2 septembre 1967 (Bucurest: Editions de l’Académie de la Rèpublique Socialiste de Roumanie, 1970; pp.1049-1059. [PDF, 131KB]

(1965) W.P.Lehmann: An experiment in machine translation. The Graduate Journal vol.7 (1); pp. 111-131. [PDF, 116KB]

(1965) W.P.Lehmann: Decoding of the Martian language. The Graduate Journal 7 (1), Winter 1965; pp.265-272. [PDF, 185KB]

(1965) E.D.Pendergraft & N.Dale: Automatic linguistic classification. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 37pp. [PDF, 1292KB]

(1965) L.W.Tosh: Data preparation for syntactic translation.  Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 37pp. [PDF, 1270KB]

(1964) Mary Lu Joynes & W.P.Lehmann: Linguistic theories underlying the work of various MT groups. Linguistics 8 (1964); pp.62-71. [PDF, 111KB]

(1964) Wayne Tosh: Report memorandum RM-64-DA 0110 [comments on report, with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.30-39.

(1963) Joyce M. Brady & William B. Estes: Concerning the role of sub-grammars in machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33-34

(1963) Ronald W. Jonas: Design of a generalized information system. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.38

(1963) W.P. Lehmann: On redundancy in artificial languages. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39

(1963) Winfred P.Lehmann & Eugene D.Pendergraft: Structural models for linguistic automation. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963); pp.78-91. [PDF, 148KB]

(1963) E.D.Pendergraft: Types of language hierarchy. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.41

(1963) Wayne Tosh: Collecting linguistic data for the grammar of a language. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.42

(1962) Wayne Tosh: Content recognition and the production of synonymous expressions. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.722-729 [PDF, 108KB]

(1961) W.P.Lehmann: Machine translation: agent of the humanities. University of Texas Studies in Literature and Language 3 (2), Summer 1961. PDF, 223 KB]

(1960) E.Pendergraft: University of Texas presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; p.21.

(1957) W.P.Lehmann: Structure of noun phrases in German.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.125-133. [PDF, 160KB]

Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.

(1963) H.P. Edmundson: The behavior of English articles. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35

(1962) Paul L.Garvin: The impact of language data processing on linguistic analysis. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.706-712. [PDF, 99KB]

US Air Force

(1961) Murray E.Sherry: The identification of nested structures in predictive syntactic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 144-155. [PDF, 79KB] [discussion]

(1960) Neil Macdonald: The photoscopic language translator.  Computers and Automation, August 1960; pp.6-8. [PDF, 35KB]

(1959) Gilbert W.King: Final report on computer set AN/GSQ-16 (XW-1), vol.I: the photoscopic memory system. Yorktown Heights, New York (RADC-TR 59-110): IBM Research Center, June 20, 1959; [3], 25pp. [PDF, 1346KB]

(1958) George W.Reitwiesner & Martin H.Weik: Survey of the field of mechanical translation of languages. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Memorandum Report no.1147, May 1958; 63pp. [PDF, 182KB]

(1958) George Shiner: The USAF automatic language translator, mark I. IRE National Convention Record, part 4, March 1958; pp.296-304. [imperfect copy, lacking figures on pages 302-304] [PDF, 55KB]

US House of Representatives

(1960) Research on mechanical translation: report of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S.House of Representatives, Eighty-sixth Congress, Second Session, Serial d, June 28, 1960. United States Government Printing Office, Washington; 1960; 51pp. [PDF, 551KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: Mechanical translation research: statement…before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, May 11, 1960; 5pp. [PDF, 31KB]

US Patent Office

(1957) Simon M.Newman: Linguistics and information retrieval.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.103-111. [PDF, 43KB]

University of California Los Angeles

(1963) Kenneth E.Harper: Dictionary problems in machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.215-222. [48KB]

(1960) George W.Brown: Welcome. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); p.xv. [PDF, 33KB]

(1960) Kenneth Harper: Introduction [to Session 6: Syntax]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.256-257. [PDF, 52KB]

(1960) Kenneth Harper: Soviet research in machine translation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.2-12. [PDF,55KB]

(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Semantic ambiguity, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 68-69 [PDF, 93KB]

(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual analysis, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 70-75 [PDF, 159KB]

(1957) Victor A.Oswald, Jr.: The rationale of the idioglossary technique. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.63-69. [PDF, 79KB]

(1956) Kenneth E. Harper: Summary of notes on syntactic problems (studies made in the Reports of the Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.) Presentation at International Conference on Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956]; 5pp. [PDF, 26KB]

(1955) William E.Bull, Charles Africa, & Daniel Teichroew: Some problems of the “word”. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 86-103.

(1955) Kenneth E.Harper: A preliminary study of Russian. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 66-85.

(1955) Abraham Kaplan: An experimental study of ambiguity and context. Mechanical Translation 2 (2), November 1955; pp. 39-46 [PDF, 164KB] [Original: RAND Corporation, November 1950 [note]]

(1953) Kenneth E.Harper: The mechanical translation of Russian: a preliminary study. Modern Language Forum 38 (3/4), September-December 1953; pp.12-29. [PDF, 89KB]

(1953) Victor A.Oswald & Richard H.Lawson: An idioglossary for mechanical translation. Modern Language Forum 38 (3/4), September-December 1953; pp.1-11. [PDF, 66KB]

(1952) William E. Bull: Problems of vocabulary frequency and distribution. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 82KB]

(1952) Victor A. Oswald: Microsemantics. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 95KB]

(1952) Victor A. Oswald: Word-by-word translation  Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 73KB]

(1952) Bilingual machine electronic device will translate foreign-language data. [Possible use of SWAC.] New York Times, October 5, 1952. [PDF, 70KB]

(1951) Victor A. Oswald & Stuart L. Fletcher: 'Proposals for the mechanical resolution of German syntax patterns.' Modern Language Forum 36 (3/4), 1952; pp. 1-24. [PDF, 186KB]

(1950) William S.Barton: New robot brain unveiled at UCLA. [Includes possible use of SWAC to translate.] Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1950. [PDF, 462KB]

(1949) Talking Zephyr. [Includes possible use of SWAC to translate] Newsweek 33 (24), June 13, 1949. [PDF, 209KB]

(1949) Translating by machine. Editorial in New York Times, 1 June 1949. [PDF, 86KB]

(1949) Gladwin Hill: Electric brain able to translate built. [Possible use of SWAC.] New York Times, May 31, 1949. [PDF, 86KB]

Washington Public Opinion Laboratory, Seattle

(1952) Stuart C. Dodd: Model English for mechanical translation: an example of a national language regularized for electronic translators. For the Conference on Mechanical Translation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, June 18-20, 1952. [Corrected reprint in: Locke, William N. & Booth, A.Donald (eds.) Machine translation of languages: fourteen essays. (Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1955), pp.165-173.]

Washington State University

(1965) Arnold C. Satterthwait: Sentence-for-sentence translation: an example. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.14-38 [PDF, 603KB]

Washington, University of (Seattle)

(1968) Harry H.Josselson: Machine translation in review. Computers and Automation 17 (8), August 1968; pp.44-46 [PDF, 100KB]

(1967) Erwin Reifler: Chinese-English machine translation: its lexicographic and linguistic problems [with extensive bibliography]. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.317-428.

(1965) Swaminathan Madhu & Dean W.Lytle: A figure of merit technique for the resolution of non-grammatical ambiguity. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.9-13 [PDF, 167KB]

(1965) Lew R. Micklesen: Erwin Reifler, 1903-1965. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; p.40 [PDF, 79KB]

(1961) Erwin Reifler: The machine translation project at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington: outline of the project.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.25-32. [PDF, 189KB]

(1961) Erwin Reifler: Machine translation. Bulletin Medical Library Association, vol.50, no.3, 1961; p.473-480. [PDF, 845KB]

(1960) Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Technical report phase II . Prepared for Intelligence Laboratory, Rome Air Development Center, Griffis Air Force Base, New York, by Department of Far Eastern and Slavic Languages and Literature and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960.

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Outline of the research. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.5-8. [PDF, 32KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Machine language translation. I. Historical outline. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.13-17. [PDF, 45KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Machine language translation. II. The fundamental problems. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.21-33. [PDF, 449KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Machine language translation. III. Publications on MT linguistics. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.37-55. [PDF, 858KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: MT linguistics and MT lexicography at the University of Washington. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.59-65. [PDF, 206KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Current research at the University of Washington. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.155-159. [PDF, 59KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: The solution of MT linguistic problems through lexicography. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.312-316. [PDF, 63KB]

(1960) David L.Johnson: The digital computer in machine translation. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.351-353. [PDF, 26KB]

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen: Lexicography. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.71-87. [PDF, 474KB]

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen: MT operational analysis. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.93-181. [PDF, 1358KB]

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen & Robert E.Wall: Logical programming research in the University of Washington machine translation project. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.485-492. [PDF, 323KB]

(1960) Philipp M.Pahl & David L.Johnson: Pattern recognition in an electronic reader. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.477-481. [PDF, 602KB]

(1960) Aristotelis D.Stathacopoulos: A possible application of electronic computers to the block analysis of Greek sentences. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.449-474. [PDF, 602KB]

(1960) H.W.Swarm & D.Lytle: University of Washington presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.20-21.

(1960) Robert E.Wall: The digital data-processing problem of machine translation of Russian to English. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.356-448. [PDF, 2202KB]

(1960) Robert E.Wall, Jr.: System design of a computer for Russian-English translation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.491-510. [PDF, 129KB]

(1959) D.L.Johnson: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1959) Lew R.Micklesen & Robert E.Wall: Logical programming research in the University of Washington machine translation project.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.853-866. [PDF, 140KB]

(1959) Erwin Reifler: MT linguistics and MT lexicography at the University of Washington: high frequency concepts, German substantive compounds and MT.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.841-852. [PDF, 135KB]

(1957) Erwin Reifler: The machine translation project at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.514-518.

(1957) Erwin Reifler: [contribution to] Discussion [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.523-526.

(1957) Erwin Reifler: Some new terminology, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 52-53 [PDF, 111KB]

(1957) Aristotelis D.Stathacopoulos: Noun phrase analysis using the IBM 650 computer. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington, April 1957; pp.20-22. [PDF, 37KB]

(1956) W. Ryland Hill: A program for machine translation using a high-capacity store. Notes for discussion at the meetings of Oct. 16-19 preceding the International Conference on Mechanical Translation on Oct.20, 1956 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; 3pp. [PDF, 16KB]

(1956) Lew R.Micklesen: Certain fundamental problems encountered during MT research on the Russian language. Notes for discussion at the Meetings of Oct.16-19 preceding the International Conference in Mechanical Translation on Oct.20 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; 2pp. [PDF, 15KB]

(1956) Erwin Reifler: Machine translation development at the University of Washington, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 33, 41 [PDF, 94KB]

(1956) Robert E.Wall: Engineering progress in machine translation. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington, July 1956; pp.9-15, 27-28. [PDF, 203KB]

(1956) Robert E.Wall: Some of the engineering aspects of the machine translation of languages. Communication and Electronics 75 (1), November 1956; pp.580-585. [PDF, 193KB]

(1955) Stuart C.Dodd: Model English. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 165-173.

(1955) Erwin Reifler: Mechanical determination of the constituents of German substantive compounds Mechanical Translation 2 (1), July 1955; pp. 3-14 [PDF, 224KB] [Revised version of his Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.7, September 1952]

(1955) Erwin Reifler: The mechanical determination of meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 136-164.

(1954) T.M.Stout: Computing machines for language translation, Mechanical Translation 1 (3), December 1954; pp. 41-45 [PDF, 256KB]

(1954) Erwin Reifler: The first conference on mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 1 (2), August 1954; pp. 23-32 [PDF, 144KB]

(1953) Erwin Reifler: Elimination and mechanical determination of forms with dual nationality (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.9). 11pp. [PDF, 38KB]

(1952) Erwin Reifler: Report on research results in mechanical translation in connection with the Rockefeller grant for the summer quarter 1952. (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.6). 7pp. [PDF, 67KB]

(1952) Erwin Reifler: General mechanical translation and universal grammar. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Studies on Mechanical Translation, no.4) [PDF, 69KB]

(1952) Erwin Reifler: Mechanical translation with a pre-editor, and writing for MT Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Studies on Mechanical Translation, no.3) [PDF, 110KB]

(1951) Erwin Reifler: Some problems of the mechanical translation of languages. Paper read before the Linguistic Society of the University of Washington on April 9, 1951. (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.2); 18pp. [PDF, 62KB]

(1950) Erwin Reifler: MT (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.1) 51pp. [January 10, 1950.] [PDF of original typescript, 1250KB]

Wayne State University

(1969) Harry H. Josselson: The lexicon: a system of matrices of lexical units and their properties. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 36; 25pp. [PDF, 689KB]

(1968) Harry H.Josselson: Research in machine translation Russian→English: ten-year summary report 1958-1968. Department of the Navy Office of Naval Research, May 1968; 14pp. [PDF, 40KB]

(1963) Robert S. Betz & Walter Hoffman: The use of a random access devices for dictionary lookup. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

(1963) Walter Hoffman, Amelia Janiotis, & Sidney Simon: Application of decision tables to syntactic analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.37

(1961) Amelia Janiotis & Harry H. Josselson: Multiple meaning in machine translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.406-414. [PDF,  92KB] [discussion]

(1960) Harry H.Josselson: Research in machine translation [at Wayne State University]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.160-172. [PDF, 133KB]

(1960) H.Josselson & A.Janiotis:  Wayne State University presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.12-13.

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: From model to procedure. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.367-370. [PDF, 50KB]

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: Syntactic retrieval. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.286-292. [PDF, 66KB]

(1960) Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960 (Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 1968); iii, 30pp. [PDF, 100KB]

Wellesley College

(1961) Irina Lynch: Russian –СЯ verbs, impersonally used verbs and subject/object ambiguities. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.478-502. [PDF, 200KB] [discussion]

Western Reserve University

(1959) J.W.Perry: Exploitation of abstracts by applying machine translation techniques.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.787-810.

(1955) James W.Perry: A practical development problem. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 174-182.

 (1955) James W. Perry: Translation of Russian technical literature by machine: notes on preliminary experiments, Mechanical Translation 2 (1), July 1955; pp. 15-24 [PDF, 232KB]

Western Union Telegraph Company

(1967) Steven I. Laszlo: The relevance of some compiler construction techniques to the description and translation of languages. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 424KB]

Wisconsin University

(1957) Martin Joos: Meaning in relation to MT. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.13-18. [PDF, 131KB]

Yale University

(1964) Sydney Lamb: [Paper on stratificational grammar research at Yale University, with handouts]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.130-148.

Zator Company

(1959) R.J.Solomonoff: A progress report on machines to learn to translate languages and retrieve information.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.941-953. [PDF, 714KB]

 (1959) R.Solomoff: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

 

USSR

Academy of Sciences

(1962) Vyacheslav Ivanov: Cybernetics and the science of language. Modern Language Journal. Vol 46 (4), 1962; pp 158-159. [PDF, 22KB]

Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk

(1969) A.V.Gladky & I.A.Mel’čuk: Tree grammars (Δ-grammars). Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 1; 10pp. [PDF, 285KB]

Experimental Laboratory of Machine Translation, Leningrad University

(1967) N.D.Andreev: The intermediary language as the focal point of machine translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.1-27.

(1962) N.D.Andreyev: Linguistic aspects of translation [with discussion]. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.625-637. [PDF, 166KB]

(1959) N.D.Andreyev: Basic directions of work at the Experimental Laboratory of Machine Translation. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.687-691. [PDF, 37KB]

(1959) N.D.Andreyev: The universal code of science and machine languages .  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.1061-1073. [PDF, 128KB]

First Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Langauges

(1958) V.Yu.Rozentsveig: The work on machine translation in the Soviet Union, Fourth International Congress of Slavicists reports, Sept. 1958, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 95-100 [PDF, 119KB]

Institute of Linguistics, USSR Academy of Sciences

(1967) O.S.Kulagina & I.A.Mel’čuk: Automatic translation: some theoretical aspects and the design of a translation system. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.137-171.

 (1967) I.A.Melchuk: Linguistics and automatic translation. International Social Science Journal 19 (1967); pp.64-78. [PDF, 203KB]

(1963) I.A.Mel’chuk: Machine translation and linguistics. Chapter IV in: O.S.Akhmanova, I.A.Mel’chuk, R.M.Frumkina, E.V.Paducheva, Exact methods in linguistic research. Translated from the Russian by David G.Hays and Dolores V.Mohr (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963); pp.44-79 [PDF, 204KB]

(1963) I.A.Mel’chuk: Several types of linguistic meanings. Chapter III in: O.S.Akhmanova, I.A.Mel’chuk, R.M.Frumkina, E.V.Paducheva, Exact methods in linguistic research. Translated from the Russian by David G.Hays and Dolores V.Mohr (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963); pp.36-43, 74-79 [PDF, 166KB]

(1960) I.A.Mel’chuk: Machine translation from Hungarian to Russian. Problems of Cybernetics 1960, vol.1; pp.251-293. [Original Russian: Problemy Kibernetiki 1, 1958, pp.222-264.] [PDF, 1002KB]

(1959) I.A.Melchuk: Machine translation in the Soviet Union. Computers and Automation 8 (8), August 1959, 23-25. [PDF, 30KB]

Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology (ITMVT), USSR Academy of Sciences

(1963) L.N.Bykova, V.M.Zherebin, & G.A.Tarasova: On some problems of mechanical translation; ed. I.S.Mukhin. (Moscow: Institute of Exact Mechanics and Computing Technique, Academy of Sciences USSR, 1963); 26pp. [PDF, 160KB]

(1960) D.Yu.Panov : Automatic translation. Translated from the Russian by R.Kisch, edited by A.J.Mitchell. New York, London, Oxford, Paris: Pergamon Press, 1960. iii, 73pp. [PDF, 665KB]

(1959) I.K.Bel’skaya: Fundamental characteristics of the dictionary and grammatical schemes used in machine translation from English into Russian. [Translated from Sbornik statei po mashinnomu perevodu (Moskva, 1958, pp.47-80)]; 15pp. [PDF, 708KB]

(1959) I.K.Belskaya: Machine translation methods and their application to an Anglo-Russian scheme. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.199-217. [PDF, 404KB]

(1959) I.K.Bel’skaya: Some general questions of machine translation. [Translated from Sbornik statei po mashinnomu perevodu (Moskva, 1958, pp.3-32)]; 15pp. [PDF, 177KB]

(1959) V.V.Ivanov: Linguistic problems in the design of a machine language for the information machine.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.1075-1090. [PDF, 147KB]

(1959) O.S.Kulagina, A.I.Martynova, & T.M.Nikolayeva: Mechanical translation at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.867-879. [PDF, 73KB]

(1959) A.I.Martynova: [contribution to]: Discussions [of conference papers in] Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961).

(1959) D.Panov: Introductory speech [to session on ‘Automatic translation of languages’]. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.159-160. [PDF, 27KB]

(1958) T.M.Nikolaeva: Soviet developments in machine translation: Russian sentence analysis, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 51-59 [PDF, 172KB]

 (1957) I.K.Belskaja: Machine translation of languages. Research vol.10, part 10, October 1957; pp.383-389. [PDF, 193KB]

(1957) V.Ivanov: Report on the MT work in the USSR. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.533-535.

(1956) I.S.Mukhin: An experiment on the machine translation of languages carried out on the BESM. Session on the computer in a non-arithmetic role, at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); pp.463-472. [PDF, 176KB]

(1956) I.S.Mukhin: An experiment of the machine translation of languages carried out on the B E S M. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1956; 28pp. [PDF, 242KB]

(1956) D.Panov: Concerning the problem of machine translation of languages. [Moscow]: The Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.; 35pp. [PDF, 450KB]

(1956) D. Panov: On the problem of mechanical translation, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; p. 42-43 [PDF, 98KB]

 (1956) D.Panov, I.Mukhin, & I.Bel’skaya: A machine translates from one language to another. Pravda, Januray 22, 1956; translated from the Russian by Dr.Lew R.Micklesen. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington, July 1956; pp.28-29. [PDF, 115KB]

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

(1960) D.Y.Panov: Machine translation and the human being. Impact of Science on Society 10 (1960); pp.16-25. [PDF, 125KB]

Steklov Mathematical Institute

(1967) O.S.Kulagina & I.A.Mel’čuk: Automatic translation: some theoretical aspects and the design of a translation system. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.137-171.

(1965) O.S.Kulagina: Algorithms of mechanical translation. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.59-64. [PDF, 159KB]

(1962) Olga S. Koulagina: The use of computers in research on machine translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.301-305. [PDF, 55KB]

(1961) Olga S. Kulagina: Report on “Construction of a textual analysis algorithm with the aid of a computing machine”. [with] Discussion [by D.W.Davies]. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.613-614. [PDF, 63KB]

(1959) O.S.Koulagina: Work done by the USSR Academy of Sciences in the field of machine translation. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.219-220. [PDF]

(1959) O.S.Koulagina: [contribution to] Discussion [of] I.K.Belskaya: Machine translation methods and their application to an Anglo-Russian scheme. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.217. [PDF]

(1959) O.S.Kulagina, A.I.Martynova, & T.M.Nikolayeva: Mechanical translation at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.867-879. [PDF, 73KB]