Machine Translation

An Introductory Guide

 

Douglas Arnold

Lorna Balkan

Siety Meijer

R.Lee Humphreys

Louisa Sadler

 

NCC Blackwell

Manchester/Oxford

1994

 

[Reproduced with permission of the authors and publishers]

 

Contents

 

Preface …iii-iv

 

Chapter 1: Introduction and overview …1

1.1.  Introduction

1.2.  Why MT matters

1.3.  Popular conceptions and misconceptions

1.4.  A bit of history

1.5.  Summary

1.6.  Further reading

Chapter 2: Machine translation in practice …19

          2.1. Introduction

          2.2. The scenario

          2.3. Document preparation: authoring and pre-editing

          2.4. The translation process

          2.5. Document revision

          2.6. Summary

          2.7. Further reading

Chapter 3: Representation and processing … 37

          3.1. Introduction

          3.2. Representing linguistic knowledge

          3.3. Processing

          3.4. Summary

          3.5. Further reading

Chapter 4: Machine translation engines …63

          4.1. Introduction

          4.2. Transformer architectures

          4.3. Linguistic knowledge architectures

          4.4. Summary

          4.5. Further reading

Chapter 5: Dictionaries …87

          5.1. Introduction

          5.2. Paper dictionaries

          5.3. Types of word information

          5.4. Dictionaries and morphology

          5.5. Terminology

          5.6. Summary

          5.7. Further reading

Chapter 6: Translation problems …111

          6.1. Introduction

          6.2. Ambiguity

          6.3. Lexical and structural mismatches

          6.4. Multiword units: idioms and collocations

          6.5. Summary

          6.6. Further reading

Chapter 7: Representation and processing revisited: meaning …129

          7.1. Introduction

          7.2. Semantics

          7.3. Pragmatics

          7.4. Real world knowledge

          7.5. Summary

          7.6. Further reading

Chapter 8: Input …147

          8.1. Introduction

          8.2. The electronic document

          8.3. Controlled languages

          8.4. Sublanguage MT

          8.5. Summary

          8.6. Further reading

Chapter 9: Evaluating MT systems …165

          9.1. Introduction

          9.2. Some central issues

          9.3. Evaluation of engine performance

          9.4. Operational evaluation

          9.5. Summary

          9.6. Further reading

Chapter 10: New directions in MT …183

          10.1. Introduction

          10.2. Rule-based MT

          10.3. Resources for MT

          10.4. Empirical approaches to MT

          10.5. Summary

          10.6. Further reading

Useful addresses …207

Glossary …209

Bibliography… 219

Index …235