Machine Translation Archive

Index of Languages

Languages M to Z: publications before 2000

[For languages A to D click here; for languages E click here, for languages F to L click here]

[for publications 2000-2009 click here; for publications since 2010 here]

Polish

(1964) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages: comparative morphosyntactic analysis. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.11-14 [PDF, 153KB]

(1961) E.von Glasersfeld, Sergei Perschke, & Elsa Samet: Human translation and translation by machine II. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.508-528. [PDF, 106KB] [discussion]

Russian

(1969) Harry H. Josselson: The lexicon: a system of matrices of lexical units and their properties. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 36; 25pp. [PDF, 689KB]

 (1966) Milos Pacak: Computational morphology. TA Informations 1966, pt.1; pp.25-36. [PDF, 236KB]

(1965) A.Andreyewsky: Subclassification of parts of speech in Russian: verbs. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 11pp. [PDF, 468KB]

(1965) Kenneth E. Harper: Measurement of similarity between nouns. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 23pp. [PDF, 769KB]

(1965) Leroy F.Meyers: Morphological classification in the National Bureau of Standards mechanical translation system. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery,12 (4), October 1965; pp.437-472. [PDF, 430KB]

(1965) D.Varga: Syntactic analysis in the case of highly inflected languages. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 21pp. [PDF, 792KB]

(1965) M. Zarechnak: An applied radical semantics. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.90-96 [PDF, 179KB]

(1964) Kenneth E. Harper: The position of prepositional phrases in Russian. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.5-10 [PDF, 166KB]

(1964) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.32-51 [PDF, 359KB]

(1964) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages: comparative morphosyntactic analysis. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.11-14 [PDF, 153KB]

(1963) Yves Gentilhomme: La traduction automatique et l’enseignement du russe. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35-36

(1963) Kenneth E. Harper: A study of the combinatorial properties of Russian nouns. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36

(1963) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36-37

(1963) John Lyons: Coding the Russian alphabet for the purposes of mechanical translation. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.43-46 [PDF, 149KB]

 (1963) Milos Pacak: Homographs: their classification and identification. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963); pp.111-132. [PDF, 611KB]

(1963) John H. Wahlgren: Derivational suffixes in Russian general vocabulary and in chemical nomenclature. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.42

(1961) Franz L. Alt & Ida Rhodes: Recognition of clauses and phrases in machine translation of languages. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 126-142. [PDF, 124KB] [discussion]

(1961) D.W.Davies & A.M.Day: A technique for consistent splitting of Russian words. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.344-362. [PDF, 131KB]

(1961) E.von Glasersfeld, Sergei Perschke, & Elsa Samet: Human translation and translation by machine II. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.508-528. [PDF, 106KB] [discussion]

(1961) K.E.Harper: Procedures for the determination of distributional classes. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.688-698. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]

(1961) E.S.Klima: Comparative syntax. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.206-207.

(1961) Olga S. Kulagina: Report on “Construction of a textual analysis algorithm with the aid of a computing machine”. [with] Discussion [by D.W.Davies]. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.613-614. [PDF, 63KB]

(1961) Irina Lynch: Russian –СЯ verbs, impersonally used verbs and subject/object ambiguities. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.478-502. [PDF, 200KB] [discussion]

(1961) J.McDaniel & S.Whelan: The grammatical interpretation of Russian inflected forms using a stem dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.364-377. [PDF, 123KB]  [discussion]

(1961) Lew R,Micklesen: Source-language specification with table lookup and high-capacity dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 318-340. [PDF, 193KB] [discussion]

(1961) Milos Pacak & Antonina Boldyreff: The morphological abstraction of Russian verbs.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.51-62. [PDF, 209KB]

(1961) Warren Plath: Automatic sentence diagramming.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 176-191. [PDF, 103KB] [discussion]

(1961) Murray E.Sherry: The identification of nested structures in predictive syntactic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 144-155. [PDF, 79KB] [discussion]

(1961) John H. Wahlgren: Linguistic analysis of Russian chemical terminology. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 250-263. [PDF, 88KB] [discussion]

(1961) Dean S.Worth: Transformation criteria for the classification of predicative genitive constructions in Russian. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.726-735. [PDF, 131KB]

(1961) Michael Zarechnak: A fourth level of linguistic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 160-171. [PDF, 131KB] [discussion]

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen: Lexicography. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.71-87. [PDF, 474KB]

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen: MT operational analysis. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.93-181. [PDF, 1358KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: Machine language translation. II. The fundamental problems. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.21-33. [PDF, 449KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: MT linguistics and MT lexicography at the University of Washington. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.59-65. [PDF, 206KB]

(1960) Robert E.Wall: The digital data-processing problem of machine translation of Russian to English. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.356-448. [PDF, 2202KB]

(1960) Michael Zarechnak: Nesting within the prepositional structure. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.267-279. [PDF, 118KB]

(1960) Session 6: Syntax. Questions and discussion [by J.R.Applegate, E.Bristol, A.F.R.Brown, H.P.Edmundson, P.L.Garvin, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, S.M.Lamb, L.R.Micklesen, M.E.Sherry, C.B.Tompkins, V.H.Yngve, M.Zarechnak.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.293-307. [PDF, 104KB]

(1959) Milos Pacak: Morphology in terms of mechanical translation.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machi ne Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.881-885. [PDF, 60KB]

(1958) D.G.Hays: Order of subject and object in scientific Russian when other differentia are lacking, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 111-113 [PDF, 120KB]

(1958) T.M.Nikolaeva: Soviet developments in machine translation: Russian sentence analysis, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 51-59 [PDF, 172KB]

(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: An input device for the Harvard automatic dictionary, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 2-7 [PDF, 582KB]

(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual analysis, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 70-75 [PDF, 159KB]

(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Semantic ambiguity, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 68-69 [PDF, 93KB]

(1957) Ilse Lehiste: Order of subject and predicate in scientific Russian, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 66-67 [PDF, 104KB]

(1957) B. Zacharov: A refinement in coding the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 76-78 [PDF, 122KB]

(1956) Kenneth E. Harper: Summary of notes on syntactic problems (studies made in the Reports of the Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.) Presentation at International Conference on Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956]; 5pp. [PDF, 26KB]

(1956) Lew R.Micklesen: Certain fundamental problems encountered during MT research on the Russian language. Notes for discussion at the Meetings of Oct.16-19 preceding the International Conference in Mechanical Translation on Oct.20 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; 2pp. [PDF, 15KB]

(1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: The distribution of word length in technical Russian Mechanical Translation 1 (3), December 1954; pp. 38-40 [PDF, 111KB]

Russian to English

(1969) A.J.Szanser: Machine translation at the NPL. Physics Bulletin 20 (1969), 92-94. [PDF, 49KB]

 (1968) Paul L.Garvin: The place of heuristics in the fulcrum approach to machine translation. Lingua 21 (1968); pp.162-182. [PDF, 166KB]

 (1968) Harry H.Josselson: Research in machine translation Russian→English: ten-year summary report 1958-1968. Department of the Navy Office of Naval Research, May 1968; 14pp. [PDF, 40KB]

 (1968) Harry H.Josselson: Machine translation in review. Computers and Automation 17 (8), August 1968; pp.44-46 [PDF, 100KB]

(1968) S.Perschke: The use of machine translation in documentation. In: 1968 Meeting of European Librarians Working in the Nuclear Field.. April 24-25, 1968 (European Atomic Energy Community – EURATOM, EUR 4256 e) Luxemburg: Centre for Information and Documentation, 1969; pp.76-88. [PDF, 75KB]

(1968) S.Perschke: The use of the “SLC” system in automatic indexing. Mechanized Information Retrieval and Dissemination (North-Holland, 1968); pp.300-311. [PDF, 93KB]

(1967) Henrik Birnbaum: Some notes on Russian predicative infinitives in automatic translation. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.11-17 [PDF, 196KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: The fulcrum syntactic analyzer for Russian. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 421KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: The Georgetown-IBM experiment of 1954: an evaluation in retrospect. In: William M.Austin (ed) Papers in linguistics in honor of Léon Dostert (The Hague: Paris), pp.46-56. [PDF, 200KB]

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: Machine translation – fact or fancy? Datamation 13 (4), April 1967; pp.29-31. [PDF, 53KB]

(1967) Kenneth E.Harper: Syntactic and semantic problems in automatic sentence generation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 9pp. [PDF, 475KB]

 (1967) David G.Hays: Computaional linguistics: research in progress at the RAND Corporation. TA Informations 1967, pt.1; pp.15-20. [PDF, 148KB]

(1967) Bozena Henisz-Dostert: Experimental machine translation. In: William M.Austin (ed) Papers in linguistics in honor of Léon Dostert (The Hague: Paris, 1967); pp.57-91. [PDF, 500KB]

 (1967) J.McDaniel: Machine translation of natural languages. Bulletin of the Institute of Information Scientists 5 (3); pp.5-7 [with discussion, pp.7-8, 21.] [PDF, 28KB]

(1967) J.McDaniel, W.L.Price, A.J.M.Szanser, & D.M.Yates: An evaluation of the usefulness of machine translations produced at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, with a summary of the translation methods. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 18pp. [PDF, 752KB]

(1967) J.McDaniel, A.M.Day, W.L.Price, A.J.Szanser, S.Whelan, & D.M.Yates: Machine translation at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.229-266.

(1967) David B. Orr & Victor H. Small: Comprehensibility of machine-aided translations of Russian scientific documents. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.1-10 [PDF, 191KB]

(1967) W.J.Plath: Multiple-path analysis and automatic translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.267-315.

(1967) A.J.Szanser: Machine translation—the evaluation of an experiment. The Incorporated Linguist 6 (4), October 1967; pp.90-95. [PDF, 131KB]

(1967) L.W.Tosh: Stratificational grammar and interlingual mapping for automatic translation. Actes du Xe Congrès International des Linguistes, Bucurest, 28 août – 2 septembre 1967 (Bucurest: Editions de l’Académie de la Rèpublique Socialiste de Roumanie, 1970; pp.1049-1059. [PDF, 131KB]

(1967) D.M.Yates: A computer model for Russian grammatical description, and a method of English synthesis in machine translation.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 407KB]

(1966) John B. Carroll: An experiment in evaluating the quality of translations. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1966; pp.55-66 [PDF, 264KB]

(1966) A.J.Szanser: Machine translation research at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington. The Incorporated Linguist 5 (4), October 1966; pp.102-109. [PDF, 171KB]

 (1965) Dan M.Bowers & Miles B.Fisk: The World’s Fair machine translator. Computer Design April 1965; pp.16-22, 25-26,28-29. [PDF, 327KB]

(1965) Sydney M.Lamb: The nature of the machine translation problem. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior  4, 196-210. [PDF, 166KB]

(1965) Swaminathan Madhu & Dean W.Lytle: A figure of merit technique for the resolution of non-grammatical ambiguity. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.9-13 [PDF, 167KB]

(1965) Leroy F.Meyers: Morphological classification in the National Bureau of Standards mechanical translation system. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery,12 (4), October 1965; pp.437-472. [PDF, 430KB]

(1965) Sheila M. Pfafflin: Evaluation of machine translation by reading comprehension tests and subjective judgments.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.2-8 [PDF, 179KB]

(1964) G.R.Martins: Preliminary report on the insertion of English articles in Russian-English MT output.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.2-4 [PDF, 121KB]

(1964) IBM Language Processing Systems, December 15, 1964; 12pp. [PDF, 171KB]

(1963) Robert S. Betz & Walter Hoffman: The use of a random access devices for dictionary lookup. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

(1963) C.G.Borkowski & L.R.Micklesen: Generative processes for Russian impersonal sentences. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

 (1963) Léon Dostert: Machine translation and automatic language data processing. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963); pp.92-110. [PDF, 185KB]

(1963) R.R.Macdonald: Georgetown University Machine Translation research project. General report 1952-1963. Occasional Papers on Machine Translation no.30, June 1963, prepared by R.R.Macdonald; xxi, 236pp. [PDF, 1087KB]

 (1963) Sydney M.Lamb: Machine-aided translation. Berkeley: University of California, Sept.1963; 6pp. [PDF, 27KB]

(1963) L.R.Micklesen & P.H.Smith, Jr.: An algorithm for the translation of Russian inorganic-chemistry terms. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39-40

 (1963) Milos Pacak: Homographs: their classification and identification. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963); pp.111-132. [PDF, 611KB]

(1962) J.A.Moyne: Georgetown automatic translation: general information and operation manual. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Machine Translation Research, 1962; ii,27pp. [without appendices.] [PDF, 379KB]

 (1962) Ida Rhodes & Franz L.Alt: Hindsight technique in machine translation of natural languages. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards – B. Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Vol.66B, no.2, April-June 1962; pp.47-51. [PDF, 6861KB]

(1962) Ida Rhodes: Syntactic integration carried out mechanically. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 205-209. [PDF, 38KB]

(1961) H.P.Edmundson, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, & B.J.Scott: Studies in machine translation—8: Manual for postediting Russian text.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.63-71. [PDF, 240KB]

(1961) William D. Foust & Julia R. Walkling: A preliminary structural transfer system. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 196-206. [PDF, 111KB] [discussion]

(1961) Vincent E. Giuliano: A formula finder for the automatic synthesis of translation algorithms.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.11-24. [PDF, 343KB]

(1961) Amelia Janiotis & Harry H. Josselson: Multiple meaning in machine translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.406-414. [PDF,  92KB] [discussion]

(1961) Sydney M. Lamb & William H. Jacobsen, Jr.: A high-speed large-capacity dictionary system.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.76-107. [PDF, 640KB]

(1961) J.McDaniel & S.Whelan: The grammatical interpretation of Russian inflected forms using a stem dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.364-377. [PDF, 123KB]  [discussion]

(1961) Erwin Reifler: The machine translation project at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington: outline of the project.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.25-32. [PDF, 189KB]

(1961) Ida Rhodes: A new approach to the mechanical syntactic analysis of Russian.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.33-50. [PDF, 719KB]

(1961) Lawrence Summers: Machine translation of Russian organic chemical names into English by analysis and resynthesis of the component fragments. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 266-277. [PDF, 78KB] [discussion]

 (1960) Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Technical report phase II . Prepared for Intelligence Laboratory, Rome Air Development Center, Griffis Air Force Base, New York, by Department of Far Eastern and Slavic Languages and Literature and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960.

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: The logic of automatic formula synthesis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.462-471. [PDF, 100KB]

(1960) David G.Hays: Linguistic research at the RAND Corporation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.13-25. [PDF, 203KB]

 (1960) Harry H.Josselson: Research in machine translation [at Wayne State University]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.160-172. [PDF, 133KB]

 (1960) Gilbert W. King: Functions required of a translation system. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.53-62. [PDF, 99KB]

 (1960) Sydney M.Lamb: MT research at the University of California, Berkeley. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.140-154. [PDF, 105KB]

 (1960) Ariadne Lukjanow: Report on some principles of the unified transfer system.  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.88-120. [PDF, 158KB]

 (1960) Ariadne W.Lukjanow: Semantic classification. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.394-397. [PDF, 64KB]

 (1960) Neil Macdonald: The photoscopic language translator.  Computers and Automation, August 1960; pp.6-8. [PDF, 35KB]

 (1960) Margaret Masterman & Martin Kay: Mechanical pidgin translation: an estimate of the research value of “word-for-word” translation into a pidgin language, rather than into the full normal form of an output language. (ML133). Cambridge: CLRU, July 13th 1960; [incomplete copy] [PDF, 416KB]

 (1960) Lew R.Micklesen: An experiment in the automatic selection or rejection of technical terms. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.398-408. [PDF, 135KB]

 (1960) Anthony G.Oettinger: Automatic language translation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960; xix, 380pp.

 (1960) Anthony G.Oettinger & Murray E.Sherry: Current research on automatic translation at Harvard University and predictive syntactic analysis.  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.173-182. [PDF, 102KB]

 (1960) Erwin Reifler: Current research at the University of Washington. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.155-159. [PDF, 59KB]

 (1960) Don R.Swanson: The nature of multiple meaning. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.386-393. [PDF, 83KB]

 (1960) M.Zarechnak & A.F.R.Brown: Current research at Georgetown University. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.63-87. [PDF, 161KB]

(1960) [Automatic translation – of Russian article in Izvestia, August 14 1960] [Handout from IBM.] 6pp. [PDF, 58KB]

(1961) Russian language translated at 60,000 words per hour. Computers and Automation 10 (8), Augusr 1961, 7B. [PDF, 15KB]

(1959) Anthony V.Banes, Howard L.Engel, & Don R.Swanson: An instruction code for language processing. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.755-758. [PDF, 34KB]

(1959) V.E.Giuliano & A.G.Oettinger: Research on automatic translation at the Harvard Computation Laboratory. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.163-183. [PDF, 391KB]

 (1959) K.E.Harper & D.G.Hays: The use of machines in the construction of a grammar and computer program for structural analysis. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.188-194. [PDF, 129KB]

(1959) Gilbert W.King: Final report on computer set AN/GSQ-16 (XW-1), vol.I: the photoscopic memory system. Yorktown Heights, New York (RADC-TR 59-110): IBM Research Center, June 20, 1959; [3], 25pp. [PDF, 1346KB]

 (1959) Lew R.Micklesen & Robert E.Wall: Logical programming research in the University of Washington machine translation project.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.853-866. [PDF, 140KB]

(1959) Anthony G.Oettinger: Automatic (transference, translation, remittance, shunting). In: Reuben A.Brower (ed.) On translation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959); pp.240-267. [Reprint: New York: Oxford University Press, 1966] [PDF, 272KB]

(1959) Erwin Reifler: MT linguistics and MT lexicography at the University of Washington: high frequency concepts, German substantive compounds and MT.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.841-852. [PDF, 135KB]

 (1959) Michael Zarechnak: General analysis technique: a system of mechanical translation. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation, [1959]; 15pp. [PDF, 56KB]

(1959) Michael Zarechnak: Three levels of linguistic analysis in machine translation. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol.6, no.1; pp.24-32. [PDF, 142KB]

(1958) A.G.Oettinger, W.Foust, V.Giuliano, K.Magassy, & L.Matejka: Linguistic and machine methods for compiling and updating the Harvard automatic dictionary. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, Washington, D.C., November 16-21, 1958 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, 1959); pp.951-973. [PDF, 309KB]

 (1958) George Shiner: The USAF automatic language translator, mark I. IRE National Convention Record, part 4, March 1958; pp.296-304. [imperfect copy, lacking figures on pages 302-304] [PDF, 55KB]

(1958) J.Speck: Foreign language translation by automatic computer [on demonstration by Peter Toma.] Computers and Automation 7 (3), March 1958; p.11. [PDF, 218KB]

 (1957) William M.Austin: The theoretical basis of the uni-directional matching (Lukjanow) method. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation. (Seminar Work Paper: MT – 36), 1957; 13pp. [PDF, 64KB]

(1957) Paul L.Garvin: Linguistic analysis and translation analysis.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.19-38. [PDF, 194KB]

 (1957) Paul L.Garvin, Dorita Lochak, Madeleine Mathiot, & Christine Anne Montgomery: Report of group II of the GU project in MT research. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation (Seminar Work Paper M-73), 1957; 22pp. [PDF, 44KB]

(1957) Roderick Gould: Multiple correspondence, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 14-27 and 43 [PDF, 218KB]

 (1957) Andreas Koutsoudas & Assya Humecky: Ambiguity of syntactic function resolved by linear context. Word 13 (3), December 1957; pp.403-414. [PDF, 235KB]

 (1957) Ariadne W.Lukjanow: Statement of the proposed method for mechanical translation. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation. (Seminar Work Paper: MT – 35), 1957; 13pp. [PDF, 118KB]

(1957) Jane A.Pyne: Some ideas on inter-structural syntax.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.143-149. [PDF, 106KB]

(1957) Erwin Reifler: The machine translation project at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.514-518.

(1957) M.M.Zarechnak: Types of Russian sentences.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.135-141. [PDF, 143KB]

(1956) Phillip Arey: Structural analysis of Russian mechanical translation. Abstract of notes to be presented for discussion at the informal meetings preceding the International Conference on Mechanical Translation on 20 October 1956 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; 1p. [PDF,11KB]

 (1956) Paul L.Garvin: Some linguistic problems in machine translation. In: Morris Halle, Horace G.Lunt, Hugh McLean, Cornelis H.van Schooneveld (eds.) For Roman Jakobson: essays on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, 11 October 1956. (The Hague: Mouton, 1956); pp.180-186. [PDF, 79KB]

(1956) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual analysis in word-for-word MT Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 40-41 [PDF, 77KB]

(1956) A. Koutsoudas & R. Machol: Mechanical translation work at the University of Michigan, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; p. 34, 41 [PDF, 104KB]

(1956) A. Koutsoudas & R. Korfhage: Mechanical translation and the problem of multiple meaning, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 46-51 [PDF, 225KB]

(1956) Erwin Reifler: Machine translation development at the University of Washington, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 33, 41 [PDF, 94KB]

 (1956) Robert E.Wall: Engineering progress in machine translation. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington, July 1956; pp.9-15, 27-28. [PDF, 203KB]

(1956) Robert E.Wall: Some of the engineering aspects of the machine translation of languages. Communication and Electronics 75 (1), November 1956; pp.580-585. [PDF, 193KB]

(1955) Leon E.Dostert: The Georgetown-I.B.M. experiment. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 124-135.

 (1955) Kenneth E.Harper: A preliminary study of Russian. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 66-85.

(1955) Kenneth E.Harper: Translating Russian by machine. Journal of Communication 5 (2), Summer 1955; pp.41-46. [PDF, 31KB]

(1955) Anthony G.Oettinger: The design of an automatic Russian-English technical dictionary. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 47-65.

(1955) Jacob Ornstein: Mechanical translation: new challenge to communication. Science 122 (21 October 1955); pp.745-748. [PDF, 198KB]

 (1955) James W.Perry: A practical development problem. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 174-182.

(1955) James W. Perry: Translation of Russian technical literature by machine: notes on preliminary experiments, Mechanical Translation 2 (1), July 1955; pp. 15-24 [PDF, 232KB]

(1955) Peter Sheridan: Research in language translation on the IBM type 701. IBM Technical Newsletter 9 (January 1955); pp.5-24.[PDF, 248KB]

(1954) Neil Macdonald: Language translation by machine - a report of the first successful trial. Computers and Automation 3 (2), February 1954; pp.6-10. [PDF, 239KB]

 (1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: A study for the design of an automatic dictionary. A thesis presented…for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy… Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April, 1954; chapter 1 [only]; 11pp. [PDF, 38KB]

 (1954) Can machines really translate from one language to another? Canadian Machinery and Manufacturing News, May 1954; pp.123-124. [PDF, 60KB]

(1953) Kenneth E.Harper: The mechanical translation of Russian: a preliminary study. Modern Language Forum 38 (3/4), September-December 1953; pp.12-29. [PDF, 89KB]

Russian to Hungarian

(1964) Gy. Sipőczy: Some semantic aspects of the machine translation from Russian into Hungarian. Computational Linguistics (Hungary) 2 (1964); pp.159-177. [PDF, 426KB]

Serbian

(1964) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages: comparative morphosyntactic analysis. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.11-14 [PDF, 153KB]

Slavic languages

(1964) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages: comparative morphosyntactic analysis. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.11-14 [PDF, 153KB]

(1963) Leon E.Dostert & R.R.Macdonald: Georgetown University Machine Translation research project. General report 1952-1963. Occasional Papers on Machine Translation no.30, June 1963, prepared by R.R.Macdonald; xxi, 236pp. [PDF, 1087KB]

(1963) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages—comparative morphosyntactic research. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.40-41

Spanish to English

 (1958) J.Speck: Foreign language translation by automatic computer [on demonstration by Peter Toma.] Computers and Automation 7 (3), March 1958; p.11. [PDF, 218KB]

Swahili to English

(1968) David Woodhouse: A note on the translation of Swahili into English. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 75-77 [PDF, 134KB]

Turkish

(1948) Warren Weaver & W.Prager: [Correspondence on decipherment, March 1948.] [PDF, 62KB]

Welsh

(1955) D.A.Bell & Alan S.C.Ross: Negative entropy of Welsh words [with discussion]. In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.149-153. [PDF, 98KB]