Machine Translation Archive
Index
of Types of MT systems
Publications before 1970
For other
periods go to: Publications since 2010;
publications 2005-2009;
publications 2000-2004;
publications 1990-1999;
publications 1970-1989
[To return to home page
click here]
Direct translation approach
(1969) A.J.Szanser: Machine
translation at the NPL. Physics
Bulletin 20 (1969), 92-94. [PDF, 49KB]
(1967) J.McDaniel, W.L.Price, A.J.M.Szanser, & D.M.Yates: An evaluation
of the usefulness of machine translations produced at the National Physical
Laboratory, Teddington, with a summary of the translation methods. Coling 1967: Conference
Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France,
August 1967; 18pp. [PDF,
752KB]
(1967) J.McDaniel, A.M.Day, W.L.Price, A.J.Szanser, S.Whelan, & D.M.Yates: Machine translation at the National Physical
Laboratory, Teddington,
(1967) A.J.Szanser: Machine
translation—the evaluation of an experiment. The Incorporated Linguist 6 (4), October 1967; pp.90-95. [PDF,
131KB]
(1966) A.J.Szanser: Machine
translation research at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington. The Incorporated Linguist 5 (4), October
1966; pp.102-109. [PDF, 171KB]
(1963) R.R.Macdonald: Georgetown
University Machine Translation research project. General report 1952-1963.
Occasional Papers on Machine Translation no.30, June 1963, prepared by R.R.Macdonald; xxi, 236pp. [PDF, 1087KB]
(1963) Léon Dostert:
Machine translation and automatic language
data processing. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in
information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of
man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963);
pp.92-110. [PDF, 185KB]
(1963) Gilbert W.King & Hsien-Wu Chang: Machine
translation of Chinese. Scientific
American 208, June 1963; pp.124-135 [with correspondence between Antony G.Oettinger and Gilbert W.King]
[PDF, 315KB]
(1962) A.F.R.Brown: Automatic
translation of languages. In: Automatic
Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in
(1962) J.A.Moyne: Georgetown automatic translation: general
information and operation manual.
(1960) Gilbert W. King: Functions
required of a translation system. Proceedings of the National Symposium
on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles,
February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.53-62. [PDF, 99KB]
(1960) Ariadne Lukjanow: Report on some principles of the unified
transfer system. Proceedings of
the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of
California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson.
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.88-120. [PDF, 158KB]
(1960) Neil
Macdonald: The photoscopic
language translator. Computers and Automation, August 1960;
pp.6-8. [PDF, 35KB]
(1960) I.A.Mel’chuk: Machine
translation from Hungarian to Russian. Problems
of Cybernetics 1960, vol.1; pp.251-293. [Original Russian: Problemy Kibernetiki
1, 1958, pp.222-264.] [PDF, 1002KB]
(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger
& Murray E.Sherry: Current research on automatic translation at
Harvard University and predictive syntactic analysis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on
Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles,
February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.173-182. [PDF, 102KB]
(1960) Erwin Reifler: Current research
at the University of Washington. Proceedings of the National Symposium
on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles,
February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.155-159. [PDF, 59KB]
(1960) M.Zarechnak & A.F.R.Brown: Current
research at Georgetown University. Proceedings of the National Symposium
on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles,
February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.63-87. [PDF, 161KB]
(1959) Anthony V.Banes, Howard L.Engel, &
Don R.Swanson: An
instruction code for language processing. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine
translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a
Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio,
September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience
Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.755-758. [PDF, 34KB]
(1959) I.K.Belskaya: Machine
translation methods and their application to an Anglo-Russian scheme. Information
processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco,
(1959) S.Takahashi, H.Wada, R.Tadenuma, & S.Watanabe: English-Japanese machine translation. Information processing: International Conference
on Information Processing, Unesco,
(1957) William M.Austin:
The theoretical basis of the uni-directional matching (Lukjanow)
method.
(1957) I.K.Belskaja: Machine
translation of languages. Research
vol.10, part 10, October 1957; pp.383-389. [PDF, 193KB]
(1957) John P.Cleave: Report
on the work in MT at Birkbeck College, University of
London. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings
of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists,
(1956) A.D.Booth: Introduction
[to] Session on the computer in a non-arithmetic role, at the Convention on
Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part
B: Supplement no.3 (1956); pp.450-451. [PDF, 85KB]
(1956) Andrew D.Booth:
The practical realisation of machine
translation. Methodos
8, 1956; pp.23-33. [PDF, 45KB]
(1956) I.S.Mukhin: An experiment
on the machine translation of languages carried out on the BESM. Session on
the computer in a non-arithmetic role, at the Convention on Digital-Computer
Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings
of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3
(1956); pp.463-472. [PDF, 176KB]
(1956) I.S.Mukhin: An experiment of the machine translation of languages
carried out on the B E S M.
(1955) J.P.Cleave
& B.Zacharov: Language
translation by electronics: novel application of digital computing machines.
Wireless World 61, 1955; pp.433435.
[PDF, 50KB]
Interactive
systems
(1969) Yorick Wilks: Interactive semantic analysis of English
paragraphs. Coling 1969: International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969,
(1967) Margaret Masterman: Man-aided computer translation from English
into French using an on-line system to manipulate a bi-lingual conceptual
dictionary, or thesaurus. Coling 1967: Conference
Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France,
August 1967; 22pp. [PDF,
887KB]
(1969) Yorick Wilks: Interactive semantic analysis of English
paragraphs. Coling 1969: International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969,
(1968) L.W.Tosh:
Initial results of syntactic translation at the
(1967) N.D.Andreev: The
intermediary language as the focal point of machine translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine
translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967);
pp.1-27.
(1967) Silvio Ceccato:
Correlational analysis and mechanical translation. In: A.D.Booth
(ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam:
North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.77-135.
(1967) O.S.Kulagina & I.A.Mel’čuk: Automatic translation: some theoretical
aspects and the design of a translation system. In: A.D.Booth
(ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam:
North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.137-171.
(1967) Margaret Masterman:
Mechanical pidgin translation: an estimate of the research value of
‘word-for-word’ translation into a pidgin language, rather than into the full
normal form of an output language. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine
translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967);
pp.195-227. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language,
cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge
University Press, 2005); pp.161-186.
(1967) L.W.Tosh: Stratificational grammar and interlingual
mapping for automatic translation. Actes du Xe Congrès
International des Linguistes, Bucurest,
28 août – 2 septembre 1967
(Bucurest: Editions de l’Académie
de la Rèpublique Socialiste
de Roumanie, 1970; pp.1049-1059. [PDF, 131KB]
(1966) D.Konečná, P.Novák, & P.Sgall: Machine
translation in Prague. Prague Studies
in Mathematical Linguistics 1, 1966; pp.185-193. [PDF, 229KB]
(1963) Margaret Masterman: Commentary on the Guberina
hypothesis. Methodos: Linguaggio e Cibernetica 15 (57-58), 1963; pp.139-168. Reprinted in:
Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005);
pp.227-252.
(1962) N.D.Andreyev: Linguistic aspects of translation
[with discussion]. Proceedings of the
Ninth International Congress of Linguists,
(1962) Silvio Ceccato: Automatic
translation of languages. In: Automatic
Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in
(1962) Jared Darlington: Interlingua and MT, a discussion. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.1,
July 1962; pp.2-7 [PDF, 128KB]
(1962) Vyacheslav Ivanov: Cybernetics and the science of language. Modern Language
Journal. Vol 46 (4), 1962; pp 158-159. [PDF, 22KB]
(1962) A.F.Parker-Rhodes:
Syntax. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer
School held in
(1961) J.L.Darlington: Interlingua. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the
Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T.,
July, 1961; p.213.
(1961) Margaret Masterman: Semantic message detection for machine
translation, using an interlingua. 1961
International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied
Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September;
pp.438-474. [PDF, 109KB] [discussion]
(1961) Itiroo
(1959) N.D.Andreyev: Basic
directions of work at the Experimental Laboratory of Machine Translation.
In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information
retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference
for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation,
Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience
Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.687-691. [PDF, 37KB]
(1959) N.D.Andreyev: The
universal code of science and machine languages . In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the
International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine
Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New
York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2,
pp.1061-1073. [PDF, 128KB]
(1959) A.D.Booth [chairman]: Discussions
[of conference papers in]: Allen Kent (ed.) Information
retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference
for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation,
Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience
Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.941-953. [PDF, 197KB]
(1959) J.E.Farradane: [contribution to] Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International
Conference on Information Processing, Unesco,
(1959) V.V.Ivanov: Linguistic
problems in the design of a machine language for the information machine. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the
International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine
Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New
York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2,
pp.1075-1090. [PDF, 147KB]
(1959) Martin Kay: The
relevance of linguistics to mechanical translation. In: Essays on and in machine translation
[ML88] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1959; 22pp. [PDF, 110KB]
(1959) Margaret
Masterman: [contributions to] Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International
Conference on Information Processing, Unesco,
(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Some
recent work on thesauric and interlingual
methods in machine translation. In:
Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval
and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for
Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland,
Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience
Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.923-934. [PDF, 66KB]
(1959) R.H.Richens: Logical looseness on interlinguas. In: Essays on and in machine translation
[ML86] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 3pp. [PDF, 19KB]
(1958) M.Masterman, R.M.Needham, & K.Spärck Jones: The analogy between mechanical
translation and library retrieval. Proceedings
of the International Conference on Scientific Information,
(1958) R.H.Richens: Interlingual machine
translation. Computer Journal 1
(3), 1958; pp.144-147 [with discussion] [PDF, 104KB]
(1958) R.H.Richens: Tigris and Euphrates – a comparison between human
and machine translation. Mechanisation
of thought processes: Proceedings of a symposium held at the National
Physical Laboratory on 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th November 1958 (London: HMSO,
1959); pp.281-307 [including discussion by Bar-Hillel]. [PDF, 105KB]
(1957) M.A.K.Halliday: Report
on the work in MT by the Cambridge Language Research Group, Cambridge, England.
[Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings
of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists,
(1957) M.M.Masterman: The thesaurus in syntax and semantics, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November
1957; pp. 35-43 [PDF, 156KB]
(1957) Margaret Masterman,
R.M.Needham, K.Spärck
Jones, & Bryan Mayoh: Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro (Virgil, “Georgics”) First-stage translation
into English with the aid of Roget’s Thesaurus. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92, appendix III]
(Cambridge Language Research Unit), [1957]; 16pp. [PDF, 93KB]
(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Mechanical
translation program utilizing an interlingual
thesaurus [Abstract]. In: Report on research:
Cambridge Language Research Unit. Mechanical
Translation 3 (2), November 1956;
p.36.
(1956) R.H.Richens: A general programme for mechanical translation
between any two languages via an algebraic interlingua.
(ML 5). [
(1956) R.H.Richens: General program for
mechanical translation between any two languages via an algebraic interlingua
[Abstract]. In: Report on research: Cambridge
Language Research Unit. Mechanical
Translation 3 (2), November 1956;
p.37.
(1956) R.H.Richens: The thirteen steps. (ML 15).
(1955) Alexander Gode: Signal system in Interlingua. Mechanical Translation 2 (3), December 1955; pp. 55-60 [PDF, 143KB]
(1951) Erwin Reifler: Some problems of the
mechanical translation of languages. Paper read before the Linguistic
Society of the
Logic-based
MT
(1959) R.J.Solomonoff: A
progress report on machines to learn to translate languages and retrieve
information. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine
translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a
Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio,
September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience
Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.941-953. [PDF, 714KB]
(1955) Luitgard Wundheiler & Alex Wundheiler: Some logical concepts for syntax. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth
(eds.): Machine
translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
Pattern-based methods (see also Example-based methods,
Learning and training)
(1968) Margaret
Masterman: Semantic algorithms. Reprinted in:
Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005);
pp.253-280 [with commentary by the editor.]
(1957) William M.Austin:
The theoretical basis of the uni-directional matching (Lukjanow)
method.
(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Computer
operations required for mechanical translation. Session on the computer in
a non-arithmetic role, at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th
April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute
of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956);
pp.453-455. [PDF, 54KB]
Proposed
systems
(1952) Bilingual machine electronic device will translate
foreign-language data. [Possible use of SWAC.] New York Times, October 5, 1952. [PDF, 70KB]
(1950) William S.Barton: New robot brain unveiled at UCLA. [Includes
possible use of SWAC to translate.]
(1949) Talking Zephyr. [Includes
possible use of SWAC to translate] Newsweek
33 (24), June 13, 1949. [PDF, 209KB]
(1949) Translating by machine.
Editorial in New York Times, 1 June
1949. [PDF, 86KB]
(1949) Gladwin Hill: Electric brain able to
translate built. [Possible use of SWAC.] New York Times, May 31, 1949. [PDF, 86KB]
Spoken
language translation
(1955) W.N.Locke: Speech input. In: William N.Locke
& A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen
essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology;
Transfer-based MT (see also Lexical transfer, Syntactic transfer)
(1965) W.P.Lehmann: An experiment in machine translation. The Graduate
Journal 7 (1); pp.111-131. [PDF, 103KB]
(1965) L.W.Tosh: Data preparation for syntactic translation. Coling 1965:
International Conference on Computational
(1963) Elinor K. Charney: Word-meaning and sentence-meaning. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the
Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics,
(1962) A.C.Satterthwait: Arabic
to English translation. Quarterly
Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October,
1962; pp.171-176. [PDF, 87KB]
(1961) E.S.Klima: Comparative syntax. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the
Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T.,
July, 1961; pp.206-207.
(1960) Stanley N. Werbow: Report on the Texas project. Proceedings of the National Symposium on
Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles,
February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.121-125. [PDF, 64KB]
(1960) Victor H. Yngve: MT at MIT: the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. Proceedings of the
National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of
California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson.
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.126-132. [PDF, 69KB]
(1960) M.Zarechnak & A.F.R.Brown: Current
research at Georgetown University. Proceedings of the National Symposium
on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles,
February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.63-87. [PDF, 161KB]
(1957) V.H.Yngve:
A framework for syntactic translation. Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December
1957; pp. 59-65 [PDF, 141KB]
(1954) Zellig S.Harris: Transfer
grammar. International Journal of
American Linguistics 20 (4), 259-270. [note]
Word-for-word
approach
(1969) T.R.Hofmann &
Brian Harris: Machine transcoding. Coling 1969: International Conference on
Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969,
(1967) Margaret Masterman:
Mechanical pidgin translation: an estimate of the research value of
‘word-for-word’ translation into a pidgin language, rather than into the full
normal form of an output language. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine
translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967);
pp.195-227. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language,
cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge
University Press, 2005); pp.161-186.
(1964) IBM
Language Processing Systems, December 15, 1964; 12pp. [PDF, 171KB]
(1961) Erwin Reifler: The machine translation project at the University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington: outline of the project. Mechanical
Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.25-32. [PDF, 189KB]
(1960) Margaret Masterman
& Martin Kay: Mechanical pidgin
translation: an estimate of the research value of “word-for-word”
translation into a pidgin language, rather than into the full normal form of an
output language. (ML133).
(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger:
Automatic
language translation.
(1959) V.E.Giuliano & A.G.Oettinger:
Research on automatic translation at the
Harvard Computation Laboratory. Information
processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco,
(1958) George Shiner: The
USAF automatic language translator, mark I. IRE National Convention Record, part 4, March 1958; pp.296-304. [imperfect copy, lacking figures on pages
302-304] [PDF, 55KB]
(1958) J.Speck: Foreign
language translation by automatic computer [on demonstration by Peter Toma.] Computers and
Automation 7 (3), March 1958; p.11. [PDF, 218KB]
(1956) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual
analysis in word-for-word MT. Mechanical
Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 40-41 [PDF, 77KB]
(1956) A.G.Oettinger: Structure identification in automatic translation. Presentation at International Conference on
Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956;
2pp. [PDF, 38KB]
(1955) William E.Bull, Charles Africa, & Daniel Teichroew:
Some problems of the “word”. In: William N.Locke
& A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen
essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology;
(1955) Anthony G.Oettinger: The design of an automatic Russian-English
technical dictionary. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays.
The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
(1955) James W. Perry: Translation of
Russian technical literature by machine: notes on preliminary experiments. Mechanical Translation 2 (1), July 1955;
pp. 15-24 [PDF, 232KB]
(1955) Victor H.Yngve: Syntax and the problem of multiple meaning. In:
William N.Locke & A.Donald
Booth (eds.): Machine
translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
(1953) Kenneth E.Harper:
The mechanical translation of Russian: a preliminary
study. Modern Language Forum 38
(3/4), September-December 1953; pp.12-29. [PDF, 89KB]
(1953) V.H.Yngve: Mechanical
translation. Quarterly Progress Report
of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1953; pp.35-36.
[PDF, 19KB]
(1952) Victor A. Oswald: Word-by-word
translation Presented at the
Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. [PDF, 73KB]