Machine Translation Archive

Index of Types of MT systems

Publications 1990-1999

For other periods go to: Publications since 2010; publications 2005-2009; publications 2000-2004; publications 1970-1989; publications before 1970

 

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Artificial Intelligence methods (see also Knowledge representation, Neural networks)

(1998) Chadia Moghrabi & Christian Boitet: Using GETA’s MT/NLP resources in an intelligent tutoring system for French. First International Conference on Language Resources & Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 28-30 May 1998. Proceedings ed. Antonio Rubio, Natividad Gallardo, Rosa Castro and Antonio Tejada; pp.1235-1238. [PDF, 48KB]

(1995) Elliott Macklovitch: The future of MT is now and Bar-Hillel was (almost entirely) right. In: BISFAI’95: Proceedings [of] The Fourth Bar-Ilan Symposium on Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, ed. Moshe Koppel & Eli Shamir, June 20-22, 1995, Ramat Gat and Jerusalem, Israel (Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1996); pp.137-148. [PDF, 64KB]

(1995) Sergei Nirenburg: Bar Hillel and machine translation: then and now. In: BISFAI’95: Proceedings [of] The Fourth Bar-Ilan Symposium on Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, ed. Moshe Koppel & Eli Shamir, June 20-22, 1995, Ramat Gat and Jerusalem, Israel (Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press, 1996); pp.137-148. [PDF, 42KB]

 (1995) Japanese artificial intelligence gains speed. Language International 7 (1), 1995; p.3. [PDF, 13KB]

 (1992) Mollie Isaacson: The future is here! Language International 4 (1), 1992; pp.9-10. [PDF,

(1990) Yorick Wilks, Jaime Carbonell, David Farwell, Eduard Hovy, & Sergei Nirenburg: Machine translation again?  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Hidden Valley, Pennsylvania, USA, June 24-27, 1990. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1990); pp. 371-378. [PDF, 1196KB]

Direct translation approach

(1999) Hui-Feng Li, Namwon Heo, Kyoungbi Moon, & Jong-Hyeok Lee: The use of abstracted knowledge from an automatically sense-tagged corpus for lexical transfer ambiguity resolution.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 390-396. [PDF, 254KB]

(1997) Hiyan Alshawi, Adam L.Buchsbaum, & Fei Xia: A comparison of head transducers and transfer for a limited domain translation application. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 360-365. [PDF, 523KB]

(1994) PC-Translator. ARPA Workshop on Machine Translation, 17-18 March 1994, Sheraton Premier Hotel at Tyson’s Corner, Vienna; 6 slides [PDF, 109KB]

Example-based MT

(1999) Mosleh H. Al-Adhaileh & Tang Enya Kong: Example-based machine translation based on the synchronous SSTC annotation schema.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 244-249. [PDF, 271KB]

(1999) Tantely Andriamanankasina, Kenji Araki, & Koji Tochinai: Example-based machine translation of part-of-speech tagged sentences by recursive division. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 509-517. [PDF, 224KB]

(1999) Ralf D. Brown: Adding linguistic knowledge to a lexical example-based translation system.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 22-32 [PDF, 214KB]

(1999) Michael Carl: Inducing translation templates for example-based machine translation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 250-258. [PDF, 245KB]

(1999) Michael Carl & Silvia Hansen: Linking translation memories with example-based machine translation. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 617-624. [PDF, 225KB].

(1999) Robert Frederking, Christopher Hogan, & Alexander Rudnicky: A new approach to the translating telephone.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 556-563. [PDF, 175KB]

(1999) Gregory Grefenstette: The World Wide Web as a resource for example-based machine translation tasks. Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 12pp. [PDF, 157KB]

(1999) Yiping Li, Chimu Pun, & Fei Wu: Portuguese-Chinese machine translation in Macao. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 236-243. [PDF, 236KB]

(1999) Kevin McTait, Maeve Olohan, & Arturo Trujillo: A building blocks approach to translation memory.  Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 15pp. [PDF, 94KB]

(1999) Kevin McTait & Arturo Trujillo: A language-neutral sparse-data algorithm for extracting translation patterns. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 98-108 [PDF, 180KB]

(1999) Masaki Murata, Qing Ma, Kiyotaka Uchimoto, & Hitoshi Isahara: An example-based approach to Japanese-to-English translation of tense, aspect, and modality.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 66-76 [PDF, 244KB]

(1999) Stelios Piperidis, Christos Malavazos, & Ioannis Triantafyllou: A multi-level framework for memory-based translation aid tools. Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 9pp. [PDF, 71KB]

(1999) Emmanuel Planas & Osamu Furuse: Formalizing translation memories. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 331-339. [PDF, 262KB]

(1999) Sayori Shimohata, Toshiki Murata, Atsushi Ikeno, Tsuyoshi Fukui, & Hideki Yamamoto: Machine translation system PENSÉE: system design and implementation. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 380-384. [PDF, 154KB]

(1999) Eiichiro Sumita, Setsuo Yamada, Kazuhide Yamamoto, Michael Paul, Hideki Kashioka, Kai Ishikawa, & Satoshi Shirai: Solutions to problems inherent in spoken-language translation: the ATR-MATRIX approach. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 229-235. [PDF, 227KB]

(1999) Toshiyuki Takezawa, Fumiaki Sugaya, Akio Yokoo, & Seiichi Yamamoto: A new evaluation method for speech translation systems and a case study on ATR-MATRIX from Japanese to English. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 299-307. [PDF, 239KB]

(1999) Davide Turcato, Paul McFetridge, Fred Popowich, & Janine Toole: A unified example-based and lexicalist approach to machine translation.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 33-43 [PDF, 247KB]

(1999) Yasuhiko Watanabe, Yoshihiro Okada, Yeun-Bae Kim, & Tetsuya Takeda: Translation camera. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 601-607. [PDF, 232KB]

(1999) Yan Wu & James Liu: A Cantonese-English machine translation system PolyU-MT-99.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 481-486. [PDF, 202KB]

(1999) Gang Zhao & Junichi Tsujii: Transfer in experience-guided machine translation. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 501-508. [PDF, 369KB]

(1998) Mosleh Hmoud Al-Adhaileh & Tang Enya Kong: A flexible example-based parser based on the SSTC. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 687-693. [PDF, 592KB]

(1998) Jeffrey Allen & Christopher Hogan: Expanding lexical coverage of parallel corpora for the EBMT approach. First International Conference on Language Resources & Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 28-30 May 1998. Proceedings ed. Antonio Rubio, Natividad Gallardo, Rosa Castro and Antonio Tejada; pp.747-754. [PDF, 302KB]

(1998) Michael Carl: A constructivist approach to machine translation. New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (NeMLaP3/CoNLL98). Editor: David M.W.Powers, Macquarie University, Januray 11-17, 1998; pp. 247-256. [PDF, 985KB]

(1998) Michael Carl, Leonid L. Iomdin & Oliver Streiter: Towards a dynamic linkage of example-based and rule-based machine translation Proceedings of the 10th European Summer School on Logic, Linguistics and Information (ESSLLI), Saarbrücken, 24-28 August 1998: Workshop on machine translation. [PDF,117KB]

(1998) Atsushi Fujii, Kentaro Inui, Takenobu Tokunaga, & Hozumi Tanaka: Selective sampling for example-based word sense disambiguation. Computational Linguistics 24 (4), pp. 574-597. [PDF, 1665KB]

(1998) H.Altay Güvenir & Ilyas Cicekli: Learning translation templates from examples. Information Systems, vol. 23, no.6; pp.353-363. [PDF, 51KB]

(1998) Hideki Mima, Hitoshi Iida, & Osamu Furuse: Simultaneous interpretation utilizing example-based incremental transfer. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 855-861. [PDF, 643KB]

(1998) Zeynep Öz & Ilyas Cicekli: Ordering translation templates by assigning confidence factors. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.51-61. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Harold Somers: “New paradigms” in MT: the state of play now that the dust has settled. Proceedings of the 10th European Summer School on Logic, Linguistics and Information (ESSLLI), Saarbrücken, 24-28 August 1998: Workshop on machine translation. [PDF, 225KB]

(1998) Hideo Watanabe & Koichi Takeda: A pattern-based machine translation system extended by example-based processing. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1369-1373. [PDF, 379KB]

(1997) J.C.Amengual, J.M.Benedí, F.Casacuberta, A.Castaño, A.Castellanos, D.Llorens, A.Marzal, F.Prat, E.Vidal, & J.M.Vilar: Using categories in the EUTRANS system. Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp.44-53. [PDF, 697KB]

(1997) Ralf D.Brown: Automated dictionary extraction for “knowledge-free” example-based translation. TMI- 97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.111-118. [PDF, 168KB]

(1997) M.Asunción Castaño, Francisco Casacuberta, & Enrique Vidal: Machine translation using neural networks and finite-state models. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.160-167. [PDF, 168KB]

(1997) Bróna Collins & Pádraig Cunningham: Adaptation guided retrieval: approaching EBMT with caution. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.119-126. [PDF, 220KB]

(1997) Keiko Horiguchi: Towards translating spoken language pragmatics in an analogical framework. Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp. 16-23. [PDF, 828KB]

(1997) Keiko Horiguchi & Alexander Franz: A formal basis for spoken language translation by analogy.   Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp. 32-39. [PDF, 685KB]

(1997) Hideki Mima, Osamu Furuse, Yumi Wakita, & Hitoshi Iida: Multi-lingual spoken dialog translation system using transfer-driven machine translation. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 148-155 [PDF, 198KB]

(1997) Harold Somers, Bill Black, Joakim Nivre, Torbjörn Lager, Annarosa Multari, Luca Gilardoni, Jeremy Ellman, & Alex Rogers: Multilingual generation and summarization of job adverts: the TREE project.  Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.33-40. [PDF, 845KB]

(1997) Tony Veale & Andy Way: Gaijin: a bootstrapping, template-driven approach to example-based MT. [RANLP 1997] Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria, 1997; pp.239-244. [PDF, 251KB]

(1997) Yumi Wakita, Jun Kawai, & Hitoshi Iida: Correct parts extraction from speech recognition results using semantic distance calculation, and its application to speech translation.   Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp.24-31. [PDF, 666KB]

(1996) Ralf D. Brown: Example-based machine translation in the Pangloss system. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 169-173. [PDF, 528KB]

(1996) Bróna Collins, Pádraig Cunningham, & Tony Veale: An example-based approach to machine translation. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.1-13 [PDF, 259KB]

(1996) Hiroshi Echizen-ya, Kenji Araki, & Yoshio Momouchi, & Koji Tochinai: Machine translation method using inductive learning with genetic algorithms. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 1020-1023. [PDF, 335KB]

(1996) Robert E. Frederking & Ralf D. Brown: System demonstration: The Pangloss-Lite machine translation system. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.268-272 [PDF, 116KB]

(1996) Atsushi Fujii, Kentaro Inui, Takenobu Tokunaga, & Hozumi Tanaka: Selective sampling of effective example sentence sets for word sense disambiguation. Fourth workshop on Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. Eva Ejerhed and Ido Dagan, 4 August 1996, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; pp.56-69. [PDF, 883KB]

(1996) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Incremental translation utilizing constituent boundary patterns. Coling 199 6: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 412-417. [PDF, 561KB]

(1996) Hitoshi Iida, Eiichiro Sumita, & Osamu Furuse: Spoken-language translation method using examples. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 1074-1077. [PDF, 352KB]

(1996) Mihoko Kitamura & Yuji Matsumoto: Automatic extraction of word sequence correspondences in parallel corpora. Fourth workshop on Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. Eva Ejerhed and Ido Dagan, 4 August 1996, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; pp.79-87. [PDF, 883KB]

(1996) Adam Meyers, Roman Yangarber, & Ralph Grishman: Alignment of shared forests for bilingual corpora. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 460-465. [PDF, 475KB]

(1996) Reinhard Schäler: Machine translation, translation memories and the phrasal lexicon: the localisation perspective. In: EAMT Workshop, Vienna, 29-30 August 1996. [PDF]

(1996) Koichi Takeda: Pattern-based machine translation. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 1155-1158. [PDF, 484KB]

(1996) Koichi Takeda: Pattern-based context-free grammars for machine translation. 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 144-176. [PDF, 769KB]

(1995) Yasuhiro Akiba, Megumi Ishii, Hussein Almuallim, & Shigeo Kaneda: Learning English verb selection rules from hand-made rules and translation examples. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.206-220. [PDF, 537KB]

(1995) Eiichiro Sumita & Hitoshi Iida: Heterogeneous computing for example-based translation of spoken language. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.273-286. [PDF, 224KB]

(1995) Naohiko Uramoto: Automatic learning of knowledge for example-based disambiguation of attachment. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.295-302. [PDF, 198KB]

(1995) Dekai Wu: Grammarless extraction of phrasal translation examples from parallel texts. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.355-372. [PDF, 340KB]

(1994) Susumu Akamine, Osamu Furuse, & Hitoshi Iida: Integration of example-based transfer and rule-based generation.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.196-197. [PDF, 209KB]

(1994) Jaime Carbonell, David Farwell, Robert Frederking, Steven Helmreich, Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Lori Levin, & Sergei Nirenburg: Pangloss. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier. Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 5-8 October 1994, Columbia, Maryland, USA (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.240-241 [PDF, 71KB]

(1994) Lambros Cranias, Harris Papageorgiou, & Stelios Piperidis: A matching technique in example-based machine translation. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 100-104. [PDF, 456KB]

(1994) Robert Frederking & Sergei Nirenburg: Three heads are better than one.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.95-100. [PDF, 485KB]

(1994) Robert Frederking, Sergei Nirenburg, David Farwell, Steven Helmreich, Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Stephen Beale, Constantine Domashnev, Donalee Attardo, Dean Grannes, & Ralf Brown: Integrating translations from multiple sources within the PANGLOSS Mark III machine translation system. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 73-80. [PDF, 137KB]

(1994) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Constituent boundary parsing for example-based machine translation. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 105-111. [PDF, 496KB]

(1994) Naoto Katoh & Teruaki Aizawa: Machine translation of sentences with fixed expressions. Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.28-33. [PDF, 526KB]

(1994) Satoshi Kinoshita, Akira Kumano, & Hideki Hirakawa: Improvement in customizability using translation templates. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 25-31. [PDF, 433KB]

(1994) Eiji Komatsu, Jin Cui, & Hiroshi Yasuhara: English generation from interlingua by example-based method. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 363-368. [PDF, 477KB]

(1994) Yves Lepage: Non-directionality and self-assessment in an example-based system using genetic algorithms. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 616-621. [PDF, 467KB]

(1994) Sergei Nirenburg, Robert Frederking, David Farwell, & Yorick Wilks: Two types of adaptive MT environments. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 125-128. [PDF, 303KB]

(1994) Kozo Oi, Eiichiro Sumita, Osamu Furuse, Hitoshi Iida, & Tetsuya Higuchi: Real-time spoken language translation using associative processors.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.196-197. [PDF, 602KB]

(1994) Yasuhiro Sobashima, Osamu Furuse, Susumu Akamine, Jun Kawai, & Hitoshi Iida: A bidirectional, transfer-driven machine translation system for spoken dialogues. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 64-68. [PDF, 403KB]

(1994) Naohiko Uramoto: A best-match algorithm for broad-coverage example-based disambiguation. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 717-721. [PDF, 427KB]

(1994) Hideo Watanabe: A method for distinguishing exceptional and general examples in example-based transfer systems. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 39-44. [PDF, 363KB]

(1994) The structure of the Pangloss system. ARPA Workshop on Machine Translation, 17-18 March 1994, Sheraton Premier Hotel at Tyson’s Corner, Vienna; 46 slides [PDF, 445KB]

 (1993) Colin Brace: Whither MT? Language International 5 (6), 1993; pp.13-14. [PDF, 59KB]

(1993) Eiji Komatsu, Cui Jin & Hiroshi Yasuhara: A mono-lingual corpus-based machine translation of the interlingua method. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 24-47. [PDF, 404KB]

(1993) Sergei Nirenburg, Constantine Domashnev & Dean J. Grannes: Two approaches to matching in example-based machine translation. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 47-57. [PDF, 239KB]

(1993) Stephen D. Richardson, Lucy Vanderwende & William Dolan: Combining dictionary-based and example-based methods for natural language analysis. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 69-79. [PDF, 179KB]

(1993) Satoshi Sato: Example-based translation of technical terms. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 58-68. [PDF, 476KB]

(1993) Eiichiro Sumita, Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: An example-based disambiguation of prepositional phrase attachment. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 80-91. [PDF, 205KB]

(1993) Hideo Watanabe: A method for extracting translation patterns from translation examples. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 292-301. [PDF, 322KB]

(1993) Hiroshi Yasuhara: An example-based multilingual MT system in a conceptual language MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.147-155 [PDF, 198KB]

(1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: An example-based method for transfer-driven machine translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.139-150. [PDF, 224KB]

(1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Cooperation between transfer and analysis in example-based framework. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 645-651. [PDF, 440KB]

 (1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Transfer-driven machine translation. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.95-111. [PDF, 178KB]

(1992) Daniel Jones: Non-hybrid example-based machine translation architectures Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.163-171. [PDF, 185KB]

(1992) Hiroyuki Kaji, Yuuko Kida, & Yasutsugu Morimoto: Learning translation templates from bilingual text. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 672-678. [PDF, 410KB]

(1992) Ian J. McLean: Example-based machine translation using connectionist matching Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.35-43. [PDF, 205KB]

(1992) Hiroshi Maruyama & Hideo Watanabe: Tree cover search algorithm for example-based translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.173-184. [PDF, 238KB]

(1992) Makoto Nagao: Some rationales and methodologies for example-based approach. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.82-94. [PDF, 123KB]

(1992) Hiroshi Nomiyama: Machine translation by case generalization. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 714-720. [PDF, 381KB]

(1992) Satoshi Sato: CTM: an example-based translation aid system. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1259-1263. [PDF, 318KB]

(1991) Hiroaki Kitano, Dan Moldovan, & Seungho Cha: Toward high performance machine translation: preliminary results from massively parallel memory-based translation on SNAP.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 93-100 [PDF, 518KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 139-152]

(1991) Harold L. Somers & Danny Jones: Machine translation seen as multilingual text generation.  Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.153-165. [PDF, 73KB]

(1991) Eiichiro Sumita & Hitoshi Iida: Experiments and prospects of example-based machine translation.  29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.185-192. [PDF, 663KB]

 (1990) Claude Bédard: TOVNA – a new word for teachable machine translation. Electric Word 18, March-April 1990; pp.51-52. [PDF, 712KB]

(1990) D.Jones: Guranteed high quality translation for monolinguals. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 6pp. [PDF, 44KB]; [abstract in Rapportage]

(1990) Satoshi Sato & Makoto Nagao: Toward memory-based translation. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 247-252. [PDF, 393KB]

(1990) Eiichiro Sumita, Hitoshi Iida, & Hideo Kohyama: Translating with examples: a new approach to machine translation. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.203-212. [PDF, 217KB]

Fulcrum approach

(1997)  Christine A. Montgomery: The fulcrum approach to machine translation. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 29-30 [PDF, 81KB]

Hybrid systems [see also Multi-engine systems]

(1999) Christian Boitet: A research perspective on how to democratize machine translation and translation aids aiming at high quality final output.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.125-133. [PDF, 200KB]

(1999) Terence Lewis: The best of both worlds – or will two mongrels ever make a pedigree. Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 9pp. [PDF, 63KB]

(1999) Key-Yih Su & Jing-Shin Chang: A customizable, self-learnable parameterized MT system: the next generation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.182-188. [PDF, 180KB]

(1999) Hajime Uchino, Yoshifumi Ooyama, & Osamu Furuse: ALTFLASH: a Japanese-to-English machine translation system for market flash reports.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 438-443. [PDF, 255KB]

(1999) Andy Way: A hybrid architecture for robust MT using LFG-DOP. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol. 11, pp.441-471. [PDF, 2786KB]

(1998) Michael Carl, Leonid L. Iomdin & Oliver Streiter: Towards a dynamic linkage of example-based and rule-based machine translation Proceedings of the 10th European Summer School on Logic, Linguistics and Information (ESSLLI), Saarbrücken, 24-28 August 1998: Workshop on machine translation. [PDF,117KB]

(1998) Sung-Kwon Choi, Han-Min Jung, Chul-Min Sim, Taewan Kim, Dong-In Park, Jun-Sik Park, & Key-Sun Choi: Hybrid approaches to improvement of translation quality in web-based English-Korean machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 251-255. [PDF, 358KB]

(1998) Nigel Collier, Kenji Ono, & Hideki Hirakawa: An experiment in hybrid dictionary and statistical sentence alignment. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 268-274. [PDF, 559KB]

(1998) Qun Liu & Shiwen Yu: TransEasy: A Chinese-English machine translation system based on hybrid approach. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.514-517. [go to publisher details]

(1997) Keiko Horiguchi & Alexander Franz: A formal basis for spoken language translation by analogy.   Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp. 32-39. [PDF, 685KB]

 (1996) Edward H.Hovy: Deepening wisdom or compromised principles? – the hybridization of statistical and symbolic MT systems. In: Craig A.Knoblock (ed.) Statistical versus knowledge-based machine translation. IEEE Expert 11 (2), 1996; pp.16-18.

 (1996) Yorick Wilks: Machine translation: a hybrid view. In: Craig A.Knoblock (ed.) Statistical versus knowledge-based machine translation. IEEE Expert 11 (2), 1996; pp.12-14.

(1995) Kuang-Hua Chen & Hsin-Hsi Chen: Machine translation: an integration approach. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.287-294. [PDF, 427KB]

(1994) Chinatsu Aone, Hatte Blejer, Mary Ellen Okurowski & Carol Van Ess-Dykema: A hybrid approach to multilingual text processing: information extraction and machine translation. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 1-7 [PDF, 157KB]

(1993) Jing-Shin Chang & Keh-Yih Su: A corpus-based statistics-oriented transfer and generation model for machine translation. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 3-14. [PDF, 260KB]

(1993) Stephen D. Richardson, Lucy Vanderwende & William Dolan: Combining dictionary-based and example-based methods for natural language analysis. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 69-79. [PDF, 179KB]

(1992) Ralph Grishman & Michiko Kosaka: Combining rationalist and empiricist approaches to machine translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.263-274. [PDF, 258KB]

(1992) Hubert Lehmann & Nikolaus Ott: Translation relations and the combination of analytical and statistical methods in machine translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.237-248. [PDF, 141KB]

(1992) Steven Richardson: TMI’92: a second opinion. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.12, November-December 1992; p.10. [PDF, 106KB]

(1992) Keh-Yih Su & Jing-Shin Chang: Why corpus-based statistics-oriented machine translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.249-262. [PDF, 328KB]

(1991) Shu-Chuan Chen, Jing-Shin Chang, Jong-Nae Wang, & Keh-Yih Su: ArchTran: a corpus-based statistics-oriented English-Chinese machine translation system.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 33-40 [PDF, 659KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 87-98]

Interactive methods

(1999) Christian Boitet: Dialogue-based MT and self-explaining documents as an alternative to MAHT and MT of controlled languages. In: Machine Translation Review, issue 10: October 1999; pp.6-15. [PDF]

(1999) Christian Boitet: A research perspective on how to democratize machine translation and translation aids aiming at high quality final output.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.125-133. [PDF, 200KB]

(1999) Toru Nishigaki: What can MT do for multilingualism on the Net? Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 15-20. [PDF, 147KB]

(1999) Gilles Sérasset & Christian Boitet: UNL-French deconversion as transfer & generation from an interlingua with possible quality enhancement through offline human interaction. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 220-228. [PDF, 259KB]

(1999) Svetlana Sheremetyeva & Sergei Nirenburg: Interactive MT as support for non-native language authoring. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 324-330. [PDF, 212KB]

(1999) John Tait, Jeremy Ellman, & Diomidis Spinelis: MABLe: a multi-lingual authoring tool for business letters. Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 12pp. [PDF, 152KB]

(1998) Arendse Bernth: Easy English: addressing structural ambiguity. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.164-173. [go to publisher details]

(1998) José Coch: Interactive generation and knowledge administration in Multimeteo. Ninth International workshop on Natural Language Generation,  Proceedings, 5-7 August 1998, Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; pp. 198-207. [PDF, 346KB]

(1998) Laurie Gerber & Eduard Hovy: Improving translation quality by manipulating sentence length. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.448-460. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Carolyn Penstein Rosé & Lori S.Levin: An interactive domain independent approach to robust dialogue interpretation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1129-1135. [PDF, 691KB]

(1997) Robert Frederking, Alexander Rudnicky, & Christopher Hogan: Interactive speech translation in the DIPLOMAT project.  Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp.61-66. [PDF, 622KB]

(1997) Mark Seligman: Six issues in speech translation. Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp. 83-91. [PDF, 614KB]

(1997) Harold L. Somers: The current state of machine translation. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 115-124 [PDF, 101KB]

(1997) Eric Wehrli & Jean-Luc Cochard: Spoken language translation with the ITSVox system. Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp. 96-97. [PDF, 192KB]

(1997) Kiyoshi Yamabana, Kazunori Muraki, Shin-ichiro Kamei, Kenji Satoh, Shinichi Doi, & Shinko Tamura: An interactive translation support facility for non-professional users.  Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.324-331. [PDF, 828KB]

(1996) Christian Boitet & Mutsuko Tomokiyo: Theory and practice of ambiguity labelling with a view to interactive disambiguation in text and speech MT. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 119-124. [PDF, 637KB]

(1996) George Foster, Pierre Isabelle, & Pierre Plamondon: Word completion: a first step toward a target-text mediated IMT.  Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 394-399. [PDF, 522KB]

(1996) Svetlana Sheremetyeva, Sergei Nirenburg, & Irene Nirenburg: Generating patent claims from interactive input.  Eighth International Natural Language Generation workshop (INLG’96), Proceedings, 12-15 June 1996, Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex, UK; pp. 61-70. [PDF, 721KB]

(1996) Eric Wehrli: System demonstration: ITSVOX. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.247-251 [PDF, 116KB]

(1994) Hervé Blanchon: Perspectives of DBMT for monolingual authors on the basis of LIDIA-1, an implemented mock-up.  Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 115-119. [PDF, 529KB]

(1994) Christian Boitet: Dialogue-Based MT and self-explaining documents as an alternative to MAHT and MT of controlled languages. International conference “Machine translation: ten years on” Proceedings ... held at Cranfield University, England, 12-14 November 1994 (Cranfield University Press, 1998) [PDF, 164KB]

(1994) Jonathan Yamron, James Cant, Anne Demedts, Taiko Dietzel, & Yoshiko Ito: The automatic component of the LINGSTAT machine-aided translation system. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); pp.163-168. [PDF, 921KB]

(1993) Ch. Boitet: Practical speech translation systems will integrate human expertise, multimodal communication, and interactive disambiguation MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.173-176 [PDF, 141KB]

(1993) Robert Frederking, Ariel Cohen, Dean Grannes, Peter Cousseau, & Sergei Nirenburg: The PANGLOSS Mark I MAT system. Sixth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 21-23 April 1993, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; p. 468. [PDF, 107KB]

(1993) Robert Frederking, Dean Grannes, Peter Cousseau, & Sergei Nirenburg: An MAT tool and its effectiveness. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.196-201. [PDF, 593KB]

(1993) Pierre Isabelle: Machine-aided human translation and the paradigm shift MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.177-179 [PDF, 114KB]

(1993) Pierre Isabelle, Marc Dymetman, George Foster, Jean-Marc Jutras, Elliott Macklovitch, François Perrault, Xiaobo Ren & Michel Simard: Translation analysis and translation automation. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 201-217. [PDF, 772KB]

(1993) Pierre Isabelle, Marc Dymetman, George Foster, Jean-Marc Jutras, Elliott Macklovitch, François Perrault, Xiaobo Ren & Michel Simard: Translation analysis and translation automation. IBM Center for Advanced Studies Conference (Toronto, Ontario, Canada): Proceedings of the 1993 conference on collaborative research: distributed computing, vol.2, pp. 1133-1147. [PDF, 1090KB]

(1993) Christian Rohrer: The future of MT technology MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.195-196 [PDF, 85KB]

(1993) Eric Wehrli & Mira Ramluckun:  ITS-2: an interactive personal translation system. Sixth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 21-23 April 1993, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; p. 476. [PDF, 99KB]

(1993) Y. Wilks: Pangloss: a knowledge-based machine assisted translation research project – site 2.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); p.406. [PDF, 99KB]

(1993) Jonathan Yamron & James Baker: LINGSTAT: an interactive, machine-aided translation system.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); p.393. [PDF, 99KB]

(1993) Jonathan Yamron, James Baker, Paul Bamberg, Haakon Chevalier, Taiko Dietzel, John Elder, Frank Kampmann, Mark Mandel, Linda Manganaro, Todd Margolis, & Elizabeth Steele: LINGSTAT: an interactive, machine-aided translation system.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.191-195. [PDF, 426KB]

(1992) Hervé Blanchon: A solution for the problem of interactive disambiguation. [English abstract]. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; p. 1233. [PDF, 84KB]; full French text [PDF, 331KB]

(1992) Sergei Nirenburg, Peter Shell, Ariel Cohen, Peter Cousseau, Dean Grannes, & Chris McNeilly: Multi-purpose development and operation environments for natural language applications.  Third conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1992, Trento, Italy;  pp.255-256. [PDF, 222KB]

(1992) Sergei Nirenburg: Tools for machine-aided translation: the CMU TWS. Meta 37 (4), décembre 1992; pp.709-720. [note]

(1992) Harold Somers: Interactive multilingual text generation for a monolingual user Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.151-161. [PDF, 148KB]

(1992) Y. Wilks: Pangloss: a knowledge-based machine assisted translation research project – site 2.  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Harriman, New York, USA, February 23-26, 1992. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); p. 480. [PDF, 540KB]

(1991) Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Manny Rayner, & Björn Gambäck: Translation by quasi logical form transfer. 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.161-168. [PDF, 669KB]

(1991) Thomas Seal: Alpnet and TSS: the commercial realities of using a computer-based translation system.  Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.119-125. [PDF, 46KB]

(1991) Harold L. Somers & Danny Jones: Machine translation seen as multilingual text generation.  Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.153-165. [PDF, 73KB]

(1991) Jun-chi Tsujii & Kimikazu Fujita: Lexical transfer based on bilingual signs: towards interaction during transfer. Fifth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 9-11 April 1991, Congress Hall, Alexanderplatz, Berlin, Germany; pp. 275-280. [PDF, 586KB]

(1990) Hiyan Alshawi & David Carter: Interactive translation using quasi logical forms. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 15pp. [PDF, 118KB]

(1990) Christian Boitet: Towards personal MT: general design, dialogue structure, potential role of speech. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 30-35. [PDF, 701KB]

(1990) Ralf D.Brown & Sergei Nirenburg: Human-computer interaction for semantic disambiguation. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 42-47. [PDF, 800KB]

(1990) Xiuming Huang: A machine translation system for the target language inexpert. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 364-367. [PDF, 359KB]

(1990) Xiuming Huang: Machine translation in a monolingual environment. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.33-41. [PDF, 152KB]

(1990) D. Jones & J.Tsujii: Interactive high-quality translation for monolinguals. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.43-46. [PDF, 115KB]

(1990) Hiroshi Maruyama, Hideo Watanabe, & Shiho Ogino: An interactive Japanese parser for machine translation. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.2, pp. 257-262. [PDF, 382KB]

(1990) Ami Segal: Machine translation of natural languages: the TOVNA MTS solution: a learning system.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 83-109. [PDF, 310KB]

(1990) Harold L.Somers, Jun-ichi Tsujii, & Danny Jones: Machine translation without a source text. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 271-276. [PDF, 611KB]

(1990) Machine translation: getting personal with LIDIA. Electric Word 19, May-June 1990; p.9. [PDF, 257KB]

Interlingua methods (see also Knowledge-based MT, Language universals)

(1999) Christian Boitet: A research perspective on how to democratize machine translation and translation aids aiming at high quality final output.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.125-133. [PDF, 200KB]

(1999) Christoph Neumann: Towards an interlingual treatment of modality. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 625-632. [PDF, 187KB]

(1999) Jesús Peral, Manuel Palomar, & Antonio Ferrández: Coreference-oriented interlingual slot structure & machine translation. ACL-1999 Coreference and its Applications: Proceedings of the Workshop, 22 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; pp.69-76. [PDF, 684KB]

(1999) Jörg Schütz: One Web, one language: UNL. In: MT News International no.22, July 1999. [PDF]

(1999) Gilles Sérasset & Christian Boitet: UNL-French deconversion as transfer & generation from an interlingua with possible quality enhancement through offline human interaction. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 220-228. [PDF, 259KB]

(1999) Hiroshi Uchida, Meiying Zhu, & Tarcisio Della Senta: A gift for a millennium. Tokyo: United Nations University: Institute of Advanced Studies, 1999. [Geneva: UNDL Foundation] 62pp. [PDF, 437KB]

(1999) Piek Vossen, Wim Peters, & Julio Gonzalo: Towards a universal index of meaning.  SIGLEX99: Standardizing Lexical Resources. Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the [ACL] Special Interest Group on the Lexicon, June 21, 22, 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; pp.81-90. [PDF, 896KB]

(1998) Yukiko Sasaki Alam: Machine translation among languages with transitivity divergences using the causal relation in the interlingual lexicon. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.461-471. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Bonnie J.Dorr, Antonia Martí, & Irene Castellón: Evaluation of EuroWordNet and LCS-based lexical resources for machine translation. First International Conference on Language Resources & Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 28-30 May 1998. Proceedings ed. Antonio Rubio, Natividad Gallardo, Rosa Castro and Antonio Tejada; pp.393-397. [PDF, 59KB]

(1998) Bonnie Dorr, Nizar Habash, & David Traum: A thematic hierarchy for efficient generation from lexical-conceptual structure. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.333-343. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Dilek Zeynap Hakkani, Gökhan Tür, Kemal Oflazer, Teruko Mitamura, & Eric H. Nyberg 3rd: An English-to-Turkish interlingual MT system. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.83-94. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Jan Landsbergen: Compositional translation revisted. Proceedings of the 10th European Summer School on Logic, Linguistics and Information (ESSLLI), Saarbrücken, 24-28 August 1998: Workshop on machine translation. [PDF,74KB]

(1998) Sergei Nirenburg & Victor Raskin: Universal grammar and lexis for quick ramp-up of MT systems. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 975-979. [PDF, 459KB]

(1998) Mari Broman Olsen, Bonnie J. Dorr, & Scott C. Thomas: Enhancing automatic acquisition of the thematic structure in a large-scale lexicon for Mandarin Chinese. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.41-50. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Murat Temizsoy & Ilyas Cicekli: A language-independent system for generating feature structures from interlingua representations. Ninth International workshop on Natural Language Generation,  Proceedings, 5-7 August 1998, Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; pp. 188-197. [PDF, 690KB]

(1998) Monika Woszczyna, Matthew Broadhead, Donna Gates, Marsal Gavaldá, Alon Lavie, Lori Levin, & Alex Waibel: A modular approach to spoken language translation for large domains. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.31-40. [go to publisher details]

(1997) Proceedings of the AMTA/SIG-IL First Workshop on Interlinguas, October 28, 1997, San Diego, CA, USA

(1997) Akshar Bharati, Vineet Chaitanya, Amba P. Kulkami, & Rajeev Sangal: Anusaaraka: machine translation in stages. Vivek: a Quarterly in Artificial Intelligence, vol.10, no.3, July 1997, pp.22-25. [PDF, 36KB]

(1997) David Carter, Ralph Becket, Manny Rayner, Robert Eklund, Catriona MacDermid, Mats Wirén, Sabine Kirchmeier-Andersen, & Christina Philp: Translation methodology in the Spoken Language Translator: an evaluation. Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp.73-82. [PDF, 856KB]

(1996) PREceedings of the Pre-Workshop on ILs and IL approaches to MT. [AMTA 1996 workshop, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 1996]; 54pp. [PDF, 174KB]

 (1996) Jaro Lajovic: InterLan’s Eurotra: an interlingual PC-MT. In: MT News International no.15, October 1996. [PDF]

(1996) Naoyuki Nomura & Kazunori Muraki: An empirical architecture for verb subcategorization frame: a lexicon for a real-world scale Japanese-English interlingual MT. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 640-645. [PDF, 573KB]

(1996) Tony Veale & Bróna Collins: Space, metaphor and schematization in sign: sign language translation in the ZARDOZ system. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.168-179 [PDF, 203KB]

(1996) Clifford Weinstein, Dinesh Tummala, Young-Suk Lee, & Stephanie Seneff: Automatic English-to-Korean text translation of telegraphic messages in a limited domain. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 705-710. [PDF, 697 KB]

(1995) Bonnie J. Dorr: [review of] Compositional translation [by] M.T.Rosetta (pseud.) (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994). Computational Linguistics 21 (4), pp. 582-589 [PDF, 597KB]

(1995) Lori Levin, Oren Glickman, Yan Qu, Carolyn P. Rose, Donna Gates, Alon Lavie, Alex Waibel, & Carol Van Ess-Dykema: Using context in machine translation of spoken language. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.173-187. [PDF, 304KB]

(1994) Kathryn L. Baker, Alexander M. Franz, Pamela W. Jordan, Teruko Mitamura, & Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd:  Coping with ambiguity in a large-scale machine translation system. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 90-94. [PDF, 436KB]

 (1994) Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf: Towards lexical representation for interlingua-based machine translation. KONVENS’94: Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache, Wien, 28.-30.September 1994, hrsg. Harald Trost (Wien: Österreichische Gesellschaft für Artificial Intelligence, 1994); pp.52-61. [PDF, 339KB]

(1994) Jaime Carbonell, David Farwell, Robert Frederking, Steven Helmreich, Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Lori Levin, & Sergei Nirenburg: Pangloss. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier. Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 5-8 October 1994, Columbia, Maryland, USA (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.240-241 [PDF, 71KB]

(1994) Bonnie J. Dorr: Machine translation divergences: a formal description and proposed solution. Computational Linguistics 20 (4), pp. 597-633 [PDF, 2352KB]

(1994) Bonnie Dorr & Clare Voss: The case for a MT developers' tool with a two-component view of the interlingua. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 40-47 [PDF, 143KB]

(1994) Bonnie Glover Stalls, Robert Belvin, Alfredo Arnaiz, Christine Montgomery, & Robert Stumberger: An adaptation of lexical conceptual structures to multilingual processing in an existing text understanding system. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp.106-113. [PDF, 186KB]

(1994) Dirk Heylen, Kerry G. Maxwell, & Marc Verhagen: Lexical functions and machine translation. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 1240-1244. [PDF, 447KB]

(1994) Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Masayo Iida, Akitoshi Okumura, Richard Whitney, Matthew Haines, Ishwar Chander, Steve Luk, & Kenji Yamada: Japanese analysis in Pangloss. ARPA Workshop on Machine Translation, 17-18 March 1994, Sheraton Premier Hotel at Tyson’s Corner, Vienna; 11 slides [PDF, 190KB]

(1994) Eiji Komatsu, Jin Cui, & Hiroshi Yasuhara: English generation from interlingua by example-based method. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 363-368. [PDF, 477KB]

(1994) Lori Levin & Sergei Nirenburg: The correct place of lexical semantics in interlingual MT. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 349-355. [PDF, 532KB]

(1994) Lori Levin & Sergei Nirenburg: Construction-based MT lexicons.  In: Current issues in computational linguistics: in honour of Don Walker, ed. Antonio Zampolli, Nicoletta Calzolari, Martha Palmer (Linguistica Computazionale, vol. 9-10); Pisa: Giradini Editori; Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, [1994]; pp.321-338. [PDF, 77KB]

(1994) Nadia Mesli: Interlingua vs. transfer? Knowledge sharing across projects. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 169-176. [PDF, 171KB]

(1994) Peter E.Pause: Interlingual strategies in translation. In: Christa Hauenschild & Susanne Heizmann (eds.) Machine translation and translation theory. [EAMT workshop, Hildesheim University, September 1994]. (Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 19970; pp.175-190.

(1994) Daniel Radzinski: [review of] Machine translation: a view from the lexicon [by] Bonnie Jean Dorr (MIT Press, 1992). Computational Linguistics 20 (4), pp. 670-676 [PDF, 507KB]

(1994) Atle Ro: Interlanguage signs and lexical transfer errors. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 134-137. [PDF, 294KB]

(1994) Gilles Sérasset: Interlingual lexical organization for multilingual lexical databases in NADIA. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 278-282. [PDF, 436KB]

 (1994) David Stanton: ATAMIRI computer translation system. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 22, April 1994; pp.13-15. [PDF, 50KB]

(1994) Stefan Svenberg: Representing conceptual and linguistic knowledge for multi-lingual generation in a technical domain. Seventh international workshop on Natural Language Generation, Proceedings, June 21-24, 1994, Nonantun Inn, Kennebunkport, Maine; pp. 245-248. [PDF, 355KB]

(1994) Wilhelm Weisweber: The experimental MT system of the project KIT-FAST. International conference “Machine translation: ten years on” Proceedings ... held at Cranfield University, England, 12-14 November 1994 (Cranfield University Press, 1998) [PDF, 874KB]

(1993) Chinatsu Aone & Doug McKee: Three-level knowledge representation of predicate-argument mapping for multilingual lexicons. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.1-9.

(1993) James Barnett & Elaine Rich: Lexical issues in dealing with semantic mismatches and divergences. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.34-42.

(1993) Bonnie Dorr & Clare Voss: Constraints on the space of MT divergences. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.43-53.

(1993) Susumu Funaki: Multi-lingual machine translation (MMT) project MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.73-78 [PDF, 117KB]

(1993) Ulrich Heid: Relating parallel monolingual lexicon fragments for translation purposes. In: Machine translation and the lexicon: Third international EAMT workshop, Heidelberg, Germany, April 26-28 1993, Proceedings (Berlin: Springer, 1995); pp.231-251. [abstract]

(1993) Uchida Hiroshi & Zhu Meiying: Interlingua for multilingual machine translation MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.157-169 [PDF, 148KB]

(1993) Nicholas Ostler: Perception vocabulary in five languages – towards an analysis using frame elements. In: Machine translation and the lexicon: Third international EAMT workshop, Heidelberg, Germany, April 26-28 1993, Proceedings (Berlin: Springer, 1995); pp.219-230. [abstract]

(1993) Hiroshi Yasuhara: An example-based multilingual MT system in a conceptual language MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.147-155 [PDF, 198KB]

(1993) Nili Mandelblit: Machine translation: a cognitive linguistics approach. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 117-130. [PDF, 184KB]

(1993) Hozumi Tanaka: Multi-lingual machine translation systems in the future.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 29-32. [PDF, 109KB]

(1993) Eiji Komatsu, Cui Jin & Hiroshi Yasuhara: A mono-lingual corpus-based machine translation of the interlingua method. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 24-47. [PDF, 404KB]

(1993) PANGLOSS: interlingua vivat? Language Industry Monitor, issue no.14, Mar-Apr 1993; pp.10-11. [PDF, 101KB]

 (1992) Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Steve Pulman, Manny Rayner, & Björn Gambäck: English-Swedish translation [of] dialogue software. Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.165-174. [PDF, 73KB]

(1992) Robert Berwick: It’s lucky if concatenation does anything.  In: MT evaluation: basis for future directions. Proceedings of a workshop..., 2-3 November 1992, San Diego, California; pp. 21-23 [PDF, 100KB]

(1992) Bonnie Dorr: Parameterization of the interlingua in machine translation. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 624-630. [PDF, 495KB]

(1992) David Farwell, Louise Guthrie, & Yorick Wilks: The automatic creation of lexical entries for a multilingual MT system. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 532-538. [PDF, 431KB]

(1992) Eduard Hovy & Sergei Nirenburg: Approximating an interlingua in a principled way.  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Harriman, New York, USA, February 23-26, 1992. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); pp. 261-266. [PDF, 1058KB]

(1992) Christine A. Montgomery, Bonnie Glover Stalls, Robert E. Stumberger, Naicong Li, Robert S. Belvin, & Alfredo Arnaiz: Evaluation of the machine-aided voice translation (MAVT) system. In: MT evaluation: basis for future directions. Proceedings of a workshop..., 2-3 November 1992, San Diego, California; pp. 27-30 [PDF, 115KB]

 (1992) Sergei Nirenburg: The workstation substrate of the Pangloss project. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.37-60. [PDF, 215KB]

(1992) Eric H. Nyberg III & Teruko Mitamura: The KANT system: fast, accurate, high-quality translation in practical domains. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1069-1073. [PDF, 351KB]

(1992) Klaus Schubert: Esperanto as an intermediary language for machine translation. In: John Newton (ed.) Computers in translation: a practical appraisal (London: Routledge, 1992),; pp.78-95.

(1992) Koichi Takeda, Naohiko Uramoto, Tetsuya Nasukawa, & Tajiro Tsutsumi: Shalt2 – a symmetric machine translation system with conceptual transfer. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1034-1038. [PDF, 439KB]

(1992) Yoshinori Teramoto: Centre for the International Cooperation for Computerization. In: MT News International no. 1, January 1992 [PDF]

(1992) M.McGee Wood: Interactive machine translation for monolinguals [summary]. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 20, Spring 1992; pp.15-16. [PDF,40KB]

(1992) Hammam R. Yusuf: An analysis of Indonesian language for interlingual machine-translation system. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1228-1232. [PDF, 308KB]

(1992) Japanese t o demo Asian interlingua MT system this fall. In: MT news, Language Industry Monitor, issue no.10, July-August 1992; pp.6-7. [PDF, 90KB]

(1991) James Barnett, Inderjeet Mani, Elaine Rich, Chinatsu Aone, Kevin Knight, & Juan Carlos Martinez: Capturing language-specific semantic distinctions in interlingua-based MT.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 25-32 [PDF, 233KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 67-77]

(1991) James Barnett, Inderjeet Mani, Paul Martin, & Elaine Rich: Reversible machine translation: what to do when the languages don’t line up. [ACL 1991] Reversible Grammar in Natural Language Processing: proceedings of a workshop, ed. Tomek Strzalkowski, 17 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.61-70. [PDF, 859KB]

(1991) David Farwell & Yorick Wilks: ULTRA: a multilingual machine translator.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 19-24 [PDF, 155KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 45-51]

(1991) Wanying Jin: Translation accuracy and translation efficiency.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 85-92 [PDF, 429KB] [Revised reprint as ‘Translation techniques in Chinese’ in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 53-66]

(1991) Teruko Mitamura, Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd, & Jaime G. Carbonell: An efficient interlingua translation system for multi-lingual document production.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 55-61 [PDF, 380KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 105-117]

(1991) Akitoshi Okumura, Kazunori Muraki, & Susumu Akamine: Multi-lingual sentence generation from the PIVOT interlingua.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 67-71 [PDF, 494KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 119-125]

(1991) Recycling DLT. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.1, January-February 1991; pp.2-3. [PDF, 88KB]

(1990) Juan Alberto Alonso: Transfer InterStructure: designing an 'interlingua' for transfer-based MT systems. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.189-201. [PDF, 139KB]

(1990) Hiyan Alshawi & David Carter: Interactive translation using quasi logical forms. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 15pp. [PDF, 118KB]

 (1990) Claude Bédard: TOVNA – a new word for teachable machine translation. Electric Word 18, March-April 1990; pp.51-52. [PDF, 712KB]

(1990) Bonnie J.Dorr: A cross-linguistic approach to translation. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.13-32. [PDF, 262KB]

(1990) Yorick Wilks, Jaime Carbonell, David Farwell, Eduard Hovy, & Sergei Nirenburg: Machine translation again?  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Hidden Valley, Pennsylvania, USA, June 24-27, 1990. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1990); pp. 371-378. [PDF, 1196KB]

(1990) Montserrat Meya: Tenets for an interlingual representation of definite NPs. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.2, pp. 263-269. [PDF, 461KB]

(1990) Sergei Nirenburg & Kenneth Goodman: Treatment of meaning in MT systems. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.171-188. [PDF, 218KB]

(1990) CoRTeXT: MT system with a heart of gold. Electric Word 18, March-April 1990; p.9. [PDF, 186KB]

 (1990) THAMUS, a new Italian MT system. Language International 2 (4), August 1990; pp.26-27. [PDF, 31KB]

Intermediary (natural) language see Pivot language systems

Knowledge-based MT

(1999) Teruko Mitamura, Eric Nyberg, Enrique Torrejon & Robert Igo: Multiple strategies for automatic disambiguation in technical translation.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 218-227 [PDF, 222KB]

(1999) Svetlana Sheremetyeva & Sergei Nirenburg: Interactive MT as support for non-native language authoring. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 324-330. [PDF, 212KB]

(1999) Evelyne Viegas, Wanyng Jin, & Stephen Beale: Long time no see: overt semantics for machine translation.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 11-21 [PDF, 203KB]

(1999) Evelyne Viegas, Wanying Jin, & Stephen Beale: Using computational semantics for Chinese translation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 522- 530. [PDF, 396KB]

(1998) Douglas Jones & Rick Havrilla: Twisted pair grammar: support for rapid development of machine translation for low density languages. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.318-332. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Lebelo Serutla & Derrick Kourie: Sentence analysis using a concept lattice. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.225-235. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Murat Temizsoy & Ilya. Cicekli: An ontology-based approach to parsing Turkish sentences. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.124-135. [go to publisher details]

(1997) Kevin Knight: Automating knowledge acquisition for machine translation. AI Magazine 18(4), 1997; pp.81-96. [PDF, 88K]

(1997) Kevin Knight, Bonnie Glover-Stalls, Uli Germann, Ulf Hermjakob, Yaser Al-Onaizan, Philipp Koehn, Irene Langkilde, & Kenji Yamada: GAZELLE: using statistics to fill knowledge gaps in MT.  Exhibit at MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; p. 285 [PDF, 73KB]

(1997) Kavi Mahesh, Sergei Nirenburg, & Stephen Beale: If you have it, flaunt it: using full ontological knowledge for word sense disambiguation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.1-9. [PDF, 167KB]

(1997) Kavi Mahesh, Sergei Nirenburg, Stephen Beale, Evelyne Viegas, Victor Raskin, & Boyan Onyshkevych: Word sense disambiguation: why statistics when we have these numbers?. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.151-159. [PDF, 146KB]

(1996) Robert E. Frederking & Ralf D. Brown: System demonstration: The Pangloss-Lite machine translation system. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.268-272 [PDF, 116KB]

 (1996) Craig A.Knoblock (ed.) Statistical versus knowledge-based machine translation. [Contributions by Yorick Wilks, Kenneth W.Church, Sergei Nirenburg, and Eduard H.Hovy.] IEEE Expert 11 (2), 1996; pp.12-18. [PDF, 203KB]

(1996) Kavi Mahesh: Ontology development for machine translation: ideology and methodology (MCCS-96-292). Las Cruces: New Mexico State University, Computing Research Laboratory, [1996]; viii, 79pp. [PDF, 549KB]

(1996) Sergei Nirenburg: The inflexible fickleness of fashion. In: Craig A.Knoblock (ed.) Statistical versus knowledge-based machine translation. IEEE Expert 11 (2), 1996; pp.15-16.

(1996) Sergei Nirenburg, Stephen Beale, Kavi Mahesh, Boyan Onyshkevych, Victor Raskin, Evelyne Viegas, Yorick Wilks, & Remi Zajac: Lexicons in the MikroKosmos project. Proceedings of the AISB ’96 Workshop on Multilinguality in the Lexicon, Brighton UK, April 1-2, 1996; 10pp. [PDF, 191KB]

(1996) Eric H.Nyberg, 3rd, & Teruko Mitamura: Controlled language and knowledge-based machine translation: principles and practice. [CLAW 1996] Proceedings of the first international workshop on controlled language applications: CLAW 96. Leuven: Centre for Computational Linguistics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1996; pp.74-83. [PDF, 51KB]

(1996) Victor Raskin & Sergei Nirenburg: Adjectival modification in text meaning representation. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 842-847. [PDF, 536KB]

(1996) Evelyne Viegas & Stephen Beale: Multilinguality and reversibility in computational semantic lexicons.  Eighth International Natural Language Generation workshop (INLG’96), Proceedings, 12-15 June 1996, Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex, UK; pp. 49-52. [PDF, 352KB]

(1995) Kevin Knight, Ishwar Chander, Mathew Haines, Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou, Eduard Hovy, Masayo Iida, Steve K. Luk, Richard Whitney, & Kenji Yamada. Filling knowledge gaps in a broad-coverage MT system. Proceedings of the 14th IJCAI Conference. Montreal, Quebéc. [PDF, 171KB]

(1995) Teruko Mitamura & Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd: Controlled English for knowledge-based MT: experience with the KANT system. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.158-172. [PDF, 214KB]

(1994) Kathryn L. Baker, Alexander M. Franz, Pamela W. Jordan, Teruko Mitamura, & Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd:  Coping with ambiguity in a large-scale machine translation system. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 90-94. [PDF, 436KB]

(1994) Jaime Carbonell, David Farwell, Robert Frederking, Steven Helmreich, Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Lori Levin, & Sergei Nirenburg: Pangloss. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier. Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 5-8 October 1994, Columbia, Maryland, USA (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.240-241 [PDF, 71KB]

(1994) Lynn Carlson, Elizabeth Cooper, Ronald Dolan, Steven Maiorano: Representing text meaning for multilingual knowledge-based machine translation. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 8-15 [PDF, 159KB]

(1994) D.Farwell: Pangloss: a knowledge-based machine assisted translation research project – site 2. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); p.465. [PDF, 533KB]

(1994) David Farwell, Steven Helmreich, Wanying Jin, Mark Casper, Jim Hargrave, Hugo Molina-Salgado, & Fuliang Weng: PANGLYZER: Spanish language analysis system. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 56-64 [PDF, 143KB]

(1994) Robert Frederking & Sergei Nirenburg: Three heads are better than one.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.95-100. [PDF, 485KB]

(1994) Robert Frederking, Sergei Nirenburg, David Farwell, Steven Helmreich, Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Stephen Beale, Constantine Domashnev, Donalee Attardo, Dean Grannes, & Ralf Brown: Integrating translations from multiple sources within the PANGLOSS Mark III machine translation system. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 73-80. [PDF, 137KB]

(1994) Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Masayo Iida, Akitoshi Okumura, Richard Whitney, Matthew Haines, Ishwar Chander, Steve Luk, & Kenji Yamada: Japanese analysis in Pangloss. ARPA Workshop on Machine Translation, 17-18 March 1994, Sheraton Premier Hotel at Tyson’s Corner, Vienna; 11 slides [PDF, 190KB]

(1994) Eduard Hovy: PANGLOSS: knowledge-based machine translation. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); p.478. [PDF, 1027KB]

(1994) Kevin Knight & Steve K. Luk. Building a large-scale knowledge base for machine translation. 12th National conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 1994) July 31 - August 4, 1994, Seattle,Washington,USA. [PDF, 135KB]

(1994) Kevin Knight, Ishwar Chander, Matthew Haines, Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou, Eduard Hovy, Masayo Iida, Steve K. Luk, Akitoshi Okumura, Richard Whitney, & Kenji Yamada: Integrating knowledge bases and statistics in MT. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 134-141. [PDF,205KB]

(1994) Lori Levin & Sergei Nirenburg: The correct place of lexical semantics in interlingual MT. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 349-355. [PDF, 532KB]

(1994) Lori Levin & Sergei Nirenburg: Construction-based MT lexicons.  In: Current issues in computational linguistics: in honour of Don Walker, ed. Antonio Zampolli, Nicoletta Calzolari, Martha Palmer (Linguistica Computazionale, vol. 9-10); Pisa: Giradini Editori; Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, [1994]; pp.321-338. [PDF, 77KB]

(1994) Teruko Mitamura, Eric Nyberg, & Jaime Carbonell: KANT: knowledge-based, accurate natural language translation. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier. Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 5-8 October 1994, Columbia, Maryland, USA (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.232-233 [PDF, 68KB]

(1994) Sergei Nirenburg: Pangloss: a machine translation project. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); p.450 [PDF, 484KB]

(1994) Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd, Teruko Mitamura, & Jaime G. Carbonell: Evaluation metrics for knowledge-based machine translation. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 95-99. [PDF, 469KB]

(1994) Sergei Nirenburg, Robert Frederking, David Farwell, & Yorick Wilks: Two types of adaptive MT environments. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 125-128. [PDF, 303KB]

(1994) Bärbel Ripplinger: Concept-based machine translation and interpretation. International conference “Machine translation: ten years on” Proceedings ... held at Cranfield University, England, 12-14 November 1994 (Cranfield University Press, 1998) [PDF, 666KB]

(1994) The structure of the Pangloss system. ARPA Workshop on Machine Translation, 17-18 March 1994, Sheraton Premier Hotel at Tyson’s Corner, Vienna; 46 slides [PDF, 445KB]

(1993) Margherita Antona & Jun-ichi Tsujii: Treatment of tense and aspect in translation from Italian to Greek — an example of treatment of implicit information in knowledge-based transfer MT. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 131-153. [PDF, 209KB]

(1993) Eduard Hovy: The Penman project on knowledge-based machine translation.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); p.421. [PDF, 97KB]

(1993) Kevin Knight: Building a large ontology for machine translation.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.185-190. [PDF, 495KB]

(1993) Steven Lytinen: [review of] Machine translation: a knowledge-based approach [by] Sergei Nirenburg et al. (Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); and of: The KBMT project: a case study in knowledge-based machine translation, [ed.by] Kenneth Goodman and Sergei Nirenburg (Morgan Kaufmann, 1991). Computational Linguistics 19 (1), pp. 207-209 [PDF, 196KB]

(1993) Teruko Mitamura, Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd, & Jaime G. Carbonell: Automated corpus analysis and the acquisition of large, multi-lingual knowledge bases for MT. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 312-328. [PDF, 281KB]

(1993) Koichi Takeda: An object-oriented implementation of machine translation systems. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 154-167. [PDF, 270KB]

(1993) Alex Waibel: Machine translation. [Summary of Session 6]. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.183-184. [PDF, 272KB]

(1993) Y. Wilks: Pangloss: a knowledge-based machine assisted translation research project – site 2.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); p.406. [PDF, 99KB]

(1993) Toshio Yokoi: From electronic dictionaries to very large-scale knowledge bases MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.47-62 [PDF, 282KB]

(1993) PANGLOSS: interlingua vivat? Language Industry Monitor, issue no.14, Mar-Apr 1993; pp.10-11. [PDF, 101KB]

(1992) Eduard Hovy: In-depth knowledge-based machine translation.  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Harriman, New York, USA, February 23-26, 1992. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); p. 491. [PDF, 1230KB]

(1992) Hiroaki Kitano: Utility of massively parallel computing platform in natural language processing . International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.22-36. [PDF, 161KB]

(1992) Teruko Mitamura & Eric H. Nyberg III: Hierarchical lexical structure and interpretive mapping in machine translation. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1254-1258. [PDF, 374KB]

(1992) Sergei Nirenburg: The workstation substrate of the Pangloss project. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.37-60. [PDF, 215KB]

 (1992) Sergei Nirenburg, Peter Shell, Ariel Cohen, Peter Cousseau, Dean Grannes, & Chris McNeilly: Multi-purpose development and operation environments for natural language applications.  Third conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1992, Trento, Italy;  pp.255-256. [PDF, 222KB]

(1992) Eric H. Nyberg III & Teruko Mitamura: The KANT system: fast, accurate, high-quality translation in practical domains. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1069-1073. [PDF, 351KB]

(1992) Koichi Takeda, Naohiko Uramoto, Tetsuya Nasukawa, & Tajiro Tsutsumi: Shalt2 – a symmetric machine translation system with conceptual transfer. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1034-1038. [PDF, 439KB]

(1992) Y. Wilks: Pangloss: a knowledge-based machine assisted translation research project – site 2.  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Harriman, New York, USA, February 23-26, 1992. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); p. 480. [PDF, 540KB]

(1992) New MT system for Caterpillar now under development. In: MT news, Language Industry Monitor, issue no.10, July-August 1992; pp.6-7. [PDF, 90KB]

(1991) Eduard Hovy: The Penman natural language project: systemics-based machine translation.  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Pacific Grove, California, USA, February 19-22, 1991. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1991); p. 432. [PDF, 514KB]

(1991) Teruko Mitamura, Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd, & Jaime G. Carbonell: An efficient interlingua translation system for multi-lingual document production.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 55-61 [PDF, 380KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 105-117]

(1990) Ralf D.Brown & Sergei Nirenburg: Human-computer interaction for semantic disambiguation. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 42-47. [PDF, 800KB]

(1990) Sergei Nirenburg & Kenneth Goodman: Treatment of meaning in MT systems. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.171-188. [PDF, 218KB]

(1990) The Penman natural language project. Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Hidden Valley, Pennsylvania, USA, June 24-27, 1990. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1990); p. 430. [PDF, 508KB]

Lexicalist approach

(1999) Davide Turcato, Paul McFetridge, Fred Popowich, & Janine Toole: A unified example-based and lexicalist approach to machine translation.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 33-43 [PDF, 247KB]

(1998) Davide Turcato: Automatically creating bilingual lexicons for machine translation from bilingual text. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1299-1306. [PDF, 717KB]

(1998) Davide Turcato, Fred Popowich, Paul McFetridge & Olivier Laurens: Reuse of linguistic resources in MT. First International Conference on Language Resources & Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 28-30 May 1998. Proceedings ed. Antonio Rubio, Natividad Gallardo, Rosa Castro and Antonio Tejada; pp.1227-1233. [PDF, 102KB]

(1997) Fred Popowich, Davide Turcato, Olivier Laurens, Paul McFetridge, J.Devlan Nicholson, Patrick McGivern, Maricela Corzo-Pena, Lisa Pidruchney, & Scott McDonald: A lexicalist approach to the translation of colloquial text. TMI- 97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.76-86. [PDF, 187KB]

(1997) Arturo Trujillo: Determining internal and external indices for chart generation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.143-150. [PDF, 370KB]

 (1997) Davide Turcato, Olivier Laurens, Paul McFetridge & Fred Popowich: Inflectional information in transfer for lexicalist machine translation. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’97, ed. Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2000; pp.303-314. [PDF, 287KB]

(1996) Bernd Abb, Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf, & Christel Tschernitschek: Abstraction and underspecification in semantic transfer Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.56-65 [PDF, 186KB]

(1996) Hiyan Alshawi: Head automata and bilingual tiling: translation with minimal representations. Invited talk at: 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 167-176. [PDF, 1031KB]

(1995) Victor Poznański, John L.Beaven, & Pete Whitelock: An efficient generation algorithm for lexicalist MT. 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 26-30 June 1995, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; pp.261-267. [PDF, 597KB]

(1995) Arturo Trujillo: Bi-lexical rules for multi-lexeme translation in lexicalist MT. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.48-66. [PDF, 265KB]

(1992) John L. Beaven: Shake-and-bake machine translation. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 603-609. [PDF, 441KB]

(1992) Brigitte Bläser, Ulrike Schwall, & Angelika Storrer: A reusable lexical database tool for machine translation. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 510-516. [PDF, 496KB]

(1992) Chris Brew: Letting the cat out of the bag: generation for shake-and-bake MT. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 610-616. [PDF, 386KB]

(1992) Antonio Sanfilippo, Ted Briscoe, Ann Copestake, Maria Antonia Martí, Mariona Taulé, & Antonietta Alonge: Translation equivalence and lexicalization in the ACQUILEX LKB Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.1-11. [PDF, 292KB]

(1992) P. Whitelock: Shake-and-bake translation [with abstracts in French and Japanese]. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 784-791. [PDF, 555KB]

(1990) Eric Wehrli: STS: an experimental sentence translation system. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.1, pp. 76-78. [PDF, 271KB]

Logic-based MT

(1997) Hiroshi Echizen-ya, Kenji Araki, Yoshikazu Miyanaga & Koji Tochinai: An improvement in the selection process of machine translation using inductive learning with genetic algorithms.  Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Description of system demonstrations and videos , 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.11-12. [PDF, 163KB]

(1997) Tsutomu Fujinami: Combining situated reasoning with semantic transfer minimally.  Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp.92-93. [PDF, 116KB]

(1994) Hiyan Alshawi: Qualitative and quantitative models of speech translation. The balancing act: combining symbolic and statistical approaches to language. Proceedings of the workshop, 1 July 1994, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. (ACL, 1994); pp.1-10. [PDF, 1538KB]

(1993) Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf: How to overcome translation mismatches an inference driven mapping between mean­ing representations. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.24-33.

(1993) Megumi Kameyama, Stanley Peters, & Hinrich Schütze: Combining logic-based and corpus-based methods for resolving translation mismatches. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.92-98.

(1993) Hans-Ulrich Krieger: Typed feature formalisms as a common basis for linguistic specification. In: Machine translation and the lexicon: Third international EAMT workshop, Heidelberg, Germany, April 26-28 1993, Proceedings (Berlin: Springer, 1995); pp.101-119. [abstract]

(1993) Patrick Saint-Dizier: A producer-consumer schema for machine translation within the PROLEXICA project. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.108-119.

(1992) Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Steve Pulman, Manny Rayner, & Björn Gambäck: English-Swedish translation [of] dialogue software. Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.165-174. [PDF, 73KB]

(1992) Satoshi Kinoshita, John Phillips, & Jun-ichi Tsujii: Interaction between structural changes in machine translation. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 679-685. [PDF, 462KB]

(1992) Satoshi Kinoshita, John Phillips, & Jun-ichi Tsujii: Interaction between structural changes in machine translation.  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Harriman, New York, USA, February 23-26, 1992. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); pp. 255-260. [PDF, 929KB]

(1992) Manny Rayner: Machine translation using the SRI Core Language Engine [summary]. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 20, Spring 1992; pp.16-17. [PDF, 43KB]

(1991) Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Manny Rayner, & Björn Gambäck: Translation by quasi logical form transfer. 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.161-168. [PDF, 669KB]

(1991) Jerry R. Hobbs & Megumi Kameyama: Machine translation using abductive inference.  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Pacific Grove, California, USA, February 19-22, 1991. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1991); pp. 141-145. [PDF, 935KB]

(1990) Hiyan Alshawi: Resolving quasi logical forms. Computational Linguistics 16 (3), pp. 133-144 [PDF, 1198KB]

(1990) Hiyan Alshawi & David Carter: Interactive translation using quasi logical forms. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 15pp. [PDF, 118KB]

(1990) Jerry R.Hobbs & Megumi Kameyama: Translation by abduction. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 155-161. [PDF, 572KB]

(1990) Tomek Strzalkowski & Ping Peng: Automated inversion of logic grammars for generation.  28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 6-9 June 1990, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; pp. 212-219. [PDF, 415KB]

Monolingual systems

(1992) M.McGee Wood: Interactive machine translation for monolinguals [summary]. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 20, Spring 1992; pp.15-16. [PDF,40KB]

Multi-engine systems [see also Hybrid systems]

(1999) Robert Frederking, Christopher Hogan, & Alexander Rudnicky: A new approach to the translating telephone.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 556-563. [PDF, 175KB]

(1999) Min Zhang & Key-Sun Choi: A pipelined multi-engine approach to Chinese-to-Korean machine translation: MATES/CK. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 375-379. [PDF, 162KB]

(1999) Min Zhang & Key-Sun Choi: Pipelined multi-engine machine translation: accomplishment of MATES/CK system.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 228-238 [PDF, 249KB]

(1998) Christopher Hogan & Robert E. Frederking: An evaluation of the multi-engine MT architecture. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.113-123. [go to publisher details]

(1997) Robert Frederking, Alexander Rudnicky, & Christopher Hogan: Interactive speech translation in the DIPLOMAT project.  Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp.61-66. [PDF, 622KB]

(1997) Eric Nyberg & Teruko Mitamura: A real-time MT system for translating broadcast captions. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 51-57 [PDF, 195KB]

(1995) Ralf Brown & Robert Frederking: Applying statistical English language modelling to symbolic machine translation. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.221-239. [PDF, 222KB]

(1994) D.Farwell: Pangloss: a knowledge-based machine assisted translation research project – site 2. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); p.465. [PDF, 533KB]

(1994) Robert Frederking & Sergei Nirenburg: Three heads are better than one.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.95-100. [PDF, 485KB]

(1994) Robert Frederking, Sergei Nirenburg, David Farwell, Steven Helmreich, Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Stephen Beale, Constantine Domashnev, Donalee Attardo, Dean Grannes, & Ralf Brown: Integrating translations from multiple sources within the PANGLOSS Mark III machine translation system. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 73-80. [PDF, 137KB]

(1994) The structure of the Pangloss system. ARPA Workshop on Machine Translation, 17-18 March 1994, Sheraton Premier Hotel at Tyson’s Corner, Vienna; 46 slides [PDF, 445KB]

(1994) Sergei Nirenburg: Pangloss: a machine translation project. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); p.450 [PDF, 484KB]

(1994) Sergei Nirenburg & Robert Frederking: Toward multi-engine machine translation. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); pp.147-151. [PDF, 844KB]

(1994) Sergei Nirenburg, Robert Frederking, David Farwell, & Yorick Wilks: Two types of adaptive MT environments. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 125-128. [PDF, 303KB]

(1993) Sergei Nirenburg: A direction of MT development MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.189-193 [PDF, 115KB]

Multilingual systems

 (1999) Steve Adams: Goodbye, operator: speech recognition is revolutionizing customer support—in multiple languages. Language International 11 (3), June 1999; pp.26-28. [PDF, 159KB]

(1999) Nicoletta Calzolari & Antonio Zampolli: Harmonised large-scale syntactic/semantic lexicons: a European multilingual infrastructure.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 358-365. [PDF, 164KB]

(1999) Barbara Gawronska, Jaana Anttila & Dan-Ivar Jacobsson: Mental spaces, space builders and bilingual summarization of news reports. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 1-10 [PDF, 210KB]

(1999) Yoshihiko Hayashi, Genichiro Kikui, & Toshiaki Iwadera: A scalable cross-language metasearch architecture for multilingual information access on the web.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.157-164. [PDF, 221KB]

(1999) Chin-Yew Lin: Machine translation for information access across the language barrier: the MuST system. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 308-316. [PDF, 276KB]

(1999) Teruko Mitamura: Controlled language for multilingual machine translation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 46-52. [PDF, 187KB]

(1999) Shoji Mizobuchi, Sankon Lee, Fumihiko Kawano, Tsuyoshi Kobayashi, & Takahiro Komatsu: Multi-lingual multi-media information retrieval system. Proceedings of the First NTCIR Workshop on Research in Japanese Text retrieval and Term Recognition, August 30 – September 1, Tokyo, Japan; 8pp. [PDF, 174KB]

(1999) Toru Nishigaki: What can MT do for multilingualism on the Net? Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 15-20. [PDF, 147KB]

(1999) Vilas Wuwongse: Applications using multilinguality: IR, summarization and generalization.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.155-156. [PDF, 112KB]

(1998) Jan Alexandersson & Peter Poller: Towards multilingual protocol generation for spontaneous speech dialogues. Ninth International workshop on Natural Language Generation,  Proceedings, 5-7 August 1998, Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; pp. 198-207. [PDF, 822KB]

(1998) Tilman Becker, Wolfgang Finkler, Anne Kilger, & Peter Poller: An efficient kernel for multilingual generation in speech-to-speech dialogue translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 110-116. [PDF, 664KB]

(1998) Nigel Collier, Hideki Hirakawa, & Akira Kumano: Machine translation vs dictionary term translation – a comparison for English-Japanese news article alignment. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 263-267. [PDF, 480KB]

(1998) Christine Kamprath, Eric Adolphson, Teruko Mitamura, & Eric Nyberg: Controlled language for multilingual document production. CLAW 98: proceedings of the second international workshop on Controlled Language Applications, 21-22 May 1998, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; pp.51-61. [PDF, 333KB]

(1998) Richard Power & Donia Scott: Multilingual authoring using feedback texts.  Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1053-1059. [PDF, 600KB]

(1998) Gábor Prószéky: An intelligent multi-dictionary environment. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1067-1071. [PDF, 669KB]

(1998) Tim Read & Elena Barcena: JaBot: a multilingual Java-based intelligent agent for Web sites. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1086-1090. [PDF, 455KB]

(1998) Jörg Schütz: Multilingual human language technology in automotive documentation workflows. Translating and the Computer 20. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference…12-13 November 1998 (London: Aslib, 1998); 10pp. [PDF, 188KB]

(1998) Evelyne Viegas: Multilingual computational semantic lexicons in action: the WYSINNWYG approach to NLP. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1321-1327. [PDF, 696KB]

(1998) Stephen Wan & Cornelia Maria Verspoor: Automatic English-Chinese name transliteration for development of multilingual resources. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1352-1356. [PDF, 487KB]

(1998) Tianfang Yao, Dongmo Zhang, & Qian Wang: Multilingual weather forecast generation system. Ninth International workshop on Natural Language Generation,  Proceedings, 5-7 August 1998, Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; pp. 296-299. [PDF, 348KB]

(1997)  Chinatsu Aone, Nicholas Charocopos, & James Gorlinsky: An intelligent multilingual information browsing and retrieval system using information extraction.  Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.332-339. [PDF, 1072KB]

(1997) Michael Gamon, Carmen Lozano, Jessie Pinkham, & Tom Reutter: Practical experience with grammar sharing in multilingual NLP.  From research to commercial applications: making NLP work in practice. Proceedings of a workshop [at ACL-EACL-1997] ed. by Jill Burstein and Claudia Leacock, 12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp.49-56. [PDF, 1046KB]

(1997) Shin-ichiro Kamei & Kazunori Muraki: Interlingua developed and utilized in real multilingual MT product systems.  Proceedings of the AMTA/SIG-IL First Workshop on Interlinguas, October 28, 1997, San Diego, CA, USA; pp. 59-69. [PDF, 242KB]

(1997) Alon Lavie, Lori Levin, Puming Zhan, Maite Taboada, Donna Gates, Mirella Lapata, Cortis Clark, Matthew Broadhead, & Alex Waibel: Expanding the domain of a multi-lingual speech-to-speech translation system.  Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp.67-72. [PDF, 544KB]

(1997) Young-Suk Lee, Clifford Weinstein, Dinesh Tummala, Linda Kukolich, & Stephanie Seneff: Simplification of nomenclature leads to an ideal IL for human language communication. Proceedings of the AMTA/SIG-IL First Workshop on Interlinguas, October 28, 1997, San Diego, CA, USA; pp. 71-72. [PDF, 86KB]

(1997) Manny Rayner, David Carter, Ivan Bretan, Robert Eklund, Mats Wirén, Steffen Leo Hansen, Sabine Kirchmeier-Andersen, Christina Philp, Finn Sørensen, Hanne Erdman Thomsen: Recycling lingware in a multilingual MT system.  From research to commercial applications: making NLP work in practice. Proceedings of a workshop [at ACL-EACL-1997] ed. by Jill Burstein and Claudia Leacock, 12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp.65-70. [PDF, 603KB]

(1997) Anna Sågvall Hein, Ingrid Almqvist & Per Starbäck: Scania Swedish – a basis for multilingual translation. Translating and the Computer 19. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 13 & 14 November 1997 (London: Aslib, 1997); 15pp. [PDF, 269KB]

(1997) Harold Somers, Bill Black, Joakim Nivre, Torbjörn Lager, Annarosa Multari, Luca Gilardoni, Jeremy Ellman, & Alex Rogers: Multilingual generation and summarization of job adverts: the TREE project.  Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.33-40. [PDF, 845KB]

(1997) John Tait, Huw Sanderson, Jeremy Ellman, Peter Hellwig, Periklis Tsahageas, & Ana Maria Martinez San José: Practical considerations in building a multi-lingual authoring system for business letters. From research to commercial applications: making NLP work in practice. Proceedings of a workshop [at ACL-EACL-1997] ed. by Jill Burstein and Claudia Leacock, 12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp.35-42. [PDF, 541KB]

(1997) Piek Vossen, Pedro Díez-Orzas, & Wim Peters: Multilingual design of EuroWordNet. Automatic information extraction and building of lexical semantic resources for NLP applications. ACL/EACL-97 workshop proceedings, July 12th 1997 [at ACL-EACL-1997] ed. Piek Vossen, Geert Adriaens, Nicoletta Calzolari, Antonio Sanfilippo, Yorick Wilks, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp.1-8. [PDF, 563KB]

(1997) Multilingual NameTagTM  multilingual internet surveillance system, multimedia fusion system. Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Description of system demonstrations and videos, 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.31-32. [PDF, 154KB]

(1996) Ingrid Almqvist & Anna Sågvall Hein: Defining ScaniaSwedish – a controlled language for truck maintenance. [CLAW 1996] Proceedings of the first international workshop on controlled language applications: CLAW 96. Leuven: Centre for Computational Linguistics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1996; pp.159-165. [PDF, 40KB]

(1996) Farid Cerbah: A study of some lexical differences between French and English instructions in a multilingual generation framework. Eighth International Natural Language Generation workshop (INLG’96), Proceedings, 12-15 June 1996, Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex, UK; pp. 131-140. [PDF, 834KB]

(1996) Anthony F. Gallippi: Learning to recognize names across languages. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 424-429. [PDF, 650KB]

(1996) Johann Haller: MULTILINT. Translating and the Computer 18. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 14 & 15 November 1996 (London: Aslib, 1996); 8pp. [PDF, 85KB]

(1996) Edward Johnson: LinguaNet: controlling police communications. [CLAW 1996] Proceedings of the first international workshop on controlled language applications: CLAW 96. Leuven: Centre for Computational Linguistics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1996; pp.115-123. [PDF, 56KB]

(1996) Alon Lavie, Donna Gates, Marsal Gavaldà, Laura Mayfield, Alex Waibel, & Lori Levin: Multi-lingual translation of spontaneously spoken language in a limited domain. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 442-447. [PDF, 542KB]

(1996) Elena Not: A computational model for generating referring expressions in a multilingual application domain. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 848-853. [PDF, 549KB]

(1996) Richard Power & Nico Cavallotto: Multilingual generation of administrative forms.  Eighth International Natural Language Generation workshop (INLG’96), Proceedings, 12-15 June 1996, Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex, UK; pp. 21-24. [PDF, 233KB]

(1996) Donia R.Scott: Computer support for authoring multilingual software documentation. Translating and the Computer 18. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 14 & 15 November 1996 (London: Aslib, 1996); 11pp. [PDF, 117KB]

(1996) Evelyne Viegas & Stephen Beale: Multilinguality and reversibility in computational semantic lexicons.  Eighth International Natural Language Generation workshop (INLG’96), Proceedings, 12-15 June 1996, Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex, UK; pp. 49-52. [PDF, 352KB]

(1995) Guy Deville & Emmanuel Herbignaux: Natural language modeling in a machine translation prototype for healthcare applications: a sublanguage approach. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.142-157. [PDF, 241KB]

(1995) Gr. Thurmair: Multilingual information processing. MT Summit V Proceedings, Luxembourg, July 10-13, 1995; 11pp. [PDF, 197KB]

(1994) Liesbeth Degand: Towards an account of causation in a multilingual text generation system. Seventh international workshop on Natural Language Generation, Proceedings, June 21-24, 1994, Nonantun Inn, Kennebunkport, Maine; pp. 108-116. [PDF, 892KB]

(1994) Judy Delin, Anthony Hartley, Cécile Paris, Donia Scott, & Keith Vander Linden: Expressing procedural relationships in multilingual instructions. Seventh international workshop on Natural Language Generation, Proceedings, June 21-24, 1994, Nonantun Inn, Kennebunkport, Maine; pp. 61-70. [PDF, 904KB]

(1994) Evgeny Lovtsky: Multilingual MT and the post-editing bottleneck. In: MT News International no.9, September 1994. [PDF]

(1994) Cécile Paris & Donia Scott: Stylistic variation in multilingual instructions. Seventh international workshop on Natural Language Generation, Proceedings, June 21-24, 1994, Nonantun Inn, Kennebunkport, Maine; pp. 45-52. [PDF, 798KB]

(1994) Dietmar Rösner & Manfred Stede: TECHDOC: multilingual generation of online and offline instructional text.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.209-210. [PDF, 207KB]

(1994) Stefan Svenberg: Representing conceptual and linguistic knowledge for multi-lingual generation in a technical domain. Seventh international workshop on Natural Language Generation, Proceedings, June 21-24, 1994, Nonantun Inn, Kennebunkport, Maine; pp. 245-248. [PDF, 355KB]

(1993) Chinatsu Aone & Douglas McKee: A language-independent anaphora resolution system for understanding multilingual texts. 31st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 22-26 June 1993, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; pp.156-163. [PDF, 624KB]

(1993) Chinatsu Aone, Hatte Blejer, Sharon Flank, Douglas McKee, & Sandy Shinn: The Murasaki project: multilingual natural language understanding. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp. 144-149. [PDF, 487KB]

(1993) Ann Copestake & Antonio Sanfilippo: Multilingual lexical representation. In:  Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.12-21.

(1993) Susumu Funaki: Multi-lingual machine translation (MMT) project MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.73-78 [PDF, 117KB]

(1993) Uchida Hiroshi & Zhu Meiying: Interlingua for multilingual machine translation MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.157-169 [PDF, 148KB]

(1993) P. Jacobs: Shogun – multilingual data extraction for TIPSTER.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); p.395. [PDF, 91KB]

(1993) Dietmar Rösner: Intentions, rhetoric, or discourse relations? – a case from multilingual document generation. [ACL 1993] Intentionality and Structure in Discourse Relations: proceedings of a workshop, ed. Owen Rambow, 21 June 1993, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; pp.106-109. [PDF, 201KB]

(1993) Donia R.Scott: Multilingual drafting of instructional texts.  Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.193-196. [PDF, 117KB]

(1993) Hozumi Tanaka: Multi-lingual machine translation systems in the future.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 29-32. [PDF, 109KB]

(1993) Hiroshi Yasuhara: An example-based multilingual MT system in a conceptual language MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.147-155 [PDF, 198KB]

(1993) Teruko Mitamura, Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd, & Jaime G. Carbonell: Automated corpus analysis and the acquisition of large, multi-lingual knowledge bases for MT. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 312-328. [PDF, 281KB]

(1992) Lynn Carlson & Sergei Nirenburg: Practical world modeling for NLP applications.  Third conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1992, Trento, Italy;  pp.235-236. [PDF, 206KB]

(1992) David Farwell: Methodology for the Computing Research Laboratory’s multilingual MT system. In session on Internal evaluation at:  MT evaluation: basis for future directions. Proceedings of a workshop..., 2-3 November 1992, San Diego, California; pp. 51-55 [PDF, 129KB]

(1992) David Farwell, Louise Guthrie, & Yorick Wilks: The automatic creation of lexical entries for a multilingual MT system. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 532-538. [PDF, 431KB]

(1992) Shin-ichiro Kamei & Takahiro Wakao: Metonomy: reassessment, survey of acceptability, and its treatment in a machine translation system. 30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 28 June – 2 July 1992, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; pp.309-311. [PDF, 254KB]

(1992) Eric H. Nyberg III & Teruko Mitamura: The KANT system: fast, accurate, high-quality translation in practical domains. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1069-1073. [PDF, 351KB]

(1992) Thomas Schneider: User driven development: METAL as an integrated multilingual system. Meta 37 (4), décembre 1992; pp.583-594. [note]

(1992) B.Seite, D.Bachut, D.Maret & B.Roudaud: Presentation of the Eurolang project. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1289-1294. [PDF, 322KB]

(1992) Koichi Takeda, Naohiko Uramoto, Tetsuya Nasukawa, & Tajiro Tsutsumi: Shalt2 – a symmetric machine translation system with conceptual transfer. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1034-1038. [PDF, 439KB]

(1992) Eurolang: a new runner in the MT race. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.7, January-February 1992; pp.4-5. [PDF, 98KB]

(1991) Doug Arnold & Louisa Sadler: Eurotra: an assessment of the current state of the EC’s MT programme. Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.137-151. [PDF, 91KB]

(1991) David Farwell & Yorick Wilks: ULTRA: a multilingual machine translator.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 19-24 [PDF, 155KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 45-51]

(1991) Teruko Mitamura, Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd, & Jaime G. Carbonell: An efficient interlingua translation system for multi-lingual document production.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 55-61 [PDF, 380KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 105-117]

(1991) Akitoshi Okumura, Kazunori Muraki, & Susumu Akamine: Multi-lingual sentence generation from the PIVOT interlingua.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 67-71 [PDF, 494KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 119-125]

(1991) Harold L. Somers & Danny Jones: Machine translation seen as multilingual text generation.  Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.153-165. [PDF, 73KB]

 (1990) Monica Corah: Italian MT developer: Giovanni D’Agostini. Language International 2 (3), June 1990; pp.3-4. [PDF, 73KB]

(1990) Pius ten Hacken: Reading distinction in MT. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.2, pp. 162-166. [PDF, 400KB]

 (1990) Andrew Joscelyne: Xerox: redefining that X-verb. Electric Word 19, May-June 1990; pp.20-25. [PDF, 1525KB]

(1990) The Penman natural language project. Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Hidden Valley, Pennsylvania, USA, June 24-27, 1990. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1990); p. 430. [PDF, 508KB]

Pattern matching methods (see also Example-based MT, Learning and training)

(1999) Liang Chen & Naoyuki Tokuda: A new diagnostic system for J-E translation ILTS by global matching algorithm and POST parser.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 608-616. [PDF, 222KB]

(1999) Kevin McTait, Maeve Olohan, & Arturo Trujillo: A building blocks approach to translation memory.  Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 15pp. [PDF, 94KB]

(1999) I. Dan Melamed: Bitext maps and alignment via pattern recognition. Computational Linguistics 25 (1), pp. 107-130 [PDF, 1562KB]

 (1995) Yuji Matsumoto & Mihoko Kitamura: Acquisition of translation rules from parallel corpora.  In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’95, ed. Ruslan Mitkov & Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1997; pp.405-416. [PDF, 270KB]

(1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Transfer-driven machine translation. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.95-111. [PDF, 178KB]

Pivot language systems (see also Interlingua methods)

(1998) Eugenio Picchi & Carol Peters: Exploiting lexical resources and linguistic tools in cross-language information retrieval: the EuroSearch approach. First International Conference on Language Resources & Evaluation, Granada, Spain, 28-30 May 1998. Proceedings ed. Antonio Rubio, Natividad Gallardo, Rosa Castro and Antonio Tejada; pp.865-872. [PDF, 95KB]

(1997) Manny Rayner, David Carter, Ivan Bretan, Robert Eklund, Mats Wirén, Steffen Leo Hansen, Sabine Kirchmeier-Andersen, Christina Philp, Finn Sørensen, Hanne Erdman Thomsen: Recycling lingware in a multilingual MT system.  From research to commercial applications: making NLP work in practice. Proceedings of a workshop [at ACL-EACL-1997] ed. by Jill Burstein and Claudia Leacock, 12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp.65-70. [PDF, 603KB]

(1994) Kumiko Tanaka & Kyoji Umemura: Construction of a bilingual dictionary intermediated by a third language. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 297-303. [PDF, 556KB]

Proposed systems

(1992) J.-J.Pérot: Eurolang project (European languages).  Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.103-106. [PDF, 30KB]

(1992) B.Seite, D.Bachut, D.Maret & B.Roudaud: Presentation of the Eurolang project. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1289-1294. [PDF, 322KB]

(1992) Hammam R. Yusuf: An analysis of Indonesian language for interlingual machine-translation system. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1228-1232. [PDF, 308KB]

 (1991) MT research in Brussels. Language International 3 (3), June 1991; pp.5-6. [PDF, 47KB]

Rule-based systems [see also Interlingua MT, Transfer-based MT]

(1999) Oliver Streiter, Leonid L. Iomdin, Munpyo Hong & Ute Hauck: Learning, forgetting and remembering: statistical support for rule-based MT.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 44-54 [PDF, 236KB]

(1999) Yan Wu & James Liu: A Cantonese-English machine translation system PolyU-MT-99.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 481-486. [PDF, 202KB]

(1999) Rémi Zajac: A multilevel framework for incremental development of MT systems. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 646-653. [PDF, 172KB]

(1998) Michael Carl, Leonid L. Iomdin & Oliver Streiter: Towards a dynamic linkage of example-based and rule-based machine translation Proceedings of the 10th European Summer School on Logic, Linguistics and Information (ESSLLI), Saarbrücken, 24-28 August 1998: Workshop on machine translation. [PDF,117KB]

(1997) Krzysztof Jassem: A Polish-to-English text-to-text translation system based on an electronic dictionary.  Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp. 94-95. [PDF, 167KB]

(1996) Kuang-hua Chen & Hsin-Hsi Chen: A rule-based and MT-oriented approach to prepositional phrase attachment. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 216-221. [PDF, 377KB]

(1994) Susumu Akamine, Osamu Furuse, & Hitoshi Iida: Integration of example-based transfer and rule-based generation.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.196-197. [PDF, 209KB]

(1993) John Hutchins: TMI-93 continues the ‘rationalist-empiricist’ debate.  In: MT News International no.6, September 1993. [PDF]

(1993) Jun-Ichi Tsujii: After linguistics-based MT MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.197-198 [PDF, 87KB]

(1992) David L. Farwell: In defense of rationalist approaches to MT research Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.185-193. [PDF, 158KB]

(1992) Jerry R. Hobbs: Machine translation. [Introduction to Session 8A.] Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Harriman, New York, USA, February 23-26, 1992. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); pp. 253-254. [PDF, 577KB]

(1992) J.-J.Pérot: Eurolang project (European languages).  Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.103-106. [PDF, 30KB]

(1991) N.Venkata Subramaniam, N.Alwar, G.Mallikarjuna, P.Prabhakar Rao, & S.Raman: Bidirectional machine translation in Indian languages. Eurospeech ’91 Second European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Genova, Italy, September 24-26, 1991; pp.1067-1070; abstract [PDF, 28KB]

(1990) Muriel Vasconcellos: Practical and linguistic strategies for postediting machine translation. Looking ahead: ATA in ’92: Proceedings of the 31st annual conference of the American Translators Association, October 17-21, 1990, New Orleans, Louisiana, ed. A.Leslie Willson (Medford, NJ: Learned Information, Inc., 1990); pp. 339-351. [PDF, 701KB]

Speech-to-speech translation see Spoken language translation

Spoken language translation

(1999) Sergio Barrachina & Juan Miguel Vilar: Automatically deriving categories for translation. Sixth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech ’99), Budapest, Hungary, September 5-9, 1999; pp.2415-2418; abstract [PDF, 48KB]

(1999) Robert Frederking, Christopher Hogan, & Alexander Rudnicky: A new approach to the translating telephone.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 556-563. [PDF, 175KB]

(1999) Hitoshi Iida: Prospects for advanced speech translation. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.107-113. [PDF, 166KB]

(1999) Gianni Lazzari: Robust spoken translation at ITC-irst. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.114-120. [PDF, 168KB]

(1999) Jo Lernout: The present and future of SAIL technologies (speech artificial intelligence & language).  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 21-29. [PDF from PPT, 395KB]

(1999) Norbert Reithinger: Robust information extraction in a speech translation system. Sixth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech ’99), Budapest, Hungary, September 5-9, 1999; pp.2427-2430; abstract [PDF, 47KB]

(1999) Fumiaki Sugaya, Toshiyuki Takezawa, Akio Yokoo, & Seiichi Yamamoto: End-to-end evaluation in ATR-MATRIX: speech translation system between English and Japanese. Sixth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech ’99), Budapest, Hungary, September 5-9, 1999; pp.2431-2434; abstract [PDF, 36KB]

(1999) Eiichiro Sumita, Setsuo Yamada, Kazuhide Yamamoto, Michael Paul, Hideki Kashioka, Kai Ishikawa, & Satoshi Shirai: Solutions to problems inherent in spoken-language translation: the ATR-MATRIX approach. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 229-235. [PDF, 227KB]

(1999) Toshiyuki Takezawa, Fumiaki Sugaya, Akio Yokoo, & Seiichi Yamamoto: A new evaluation method for speech translation systems and a case study on ATR-MATRIX from Japanese to English. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 299-307. [PDF, 239KB]

(1999) Hideki Tanaka & Akio Yokoo: An efficient statistical speech act type tagging system for speech translation systems. ACL-1999: 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 20-26 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; pp.381-388. [PDF, 746KB]

(1999) Kavita Thomas: Designing a task-based evaluation methodology for a spoken machine translation system. ACL-1999: 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 20-26 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; pp.569-572. [PDF, 396KB]

(1999) Alex Waibel: Translation systems under the C-STAR framework. [abstract only] Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; p.121. [PDF, 61KB]

(1998) Jan Alexandersson & Peter Poller: Towards multilingual protocol generation for spontaneous speech dialogues. Ninth International workshop on Natural Language Generation,  Proceedings, 5-7 August 1998, Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; pp. 198-207. [PDF, 822KB]

(1998) Hiyan Alshawi, Srinivas Bangalore, & Shona Douglas: Automatic acquisition of hierarchical transduction models for machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 41-47. [PDF, 542KB]

(1998) Tilman Becker, Wolfgang Finkler, Anne Kilger, & Peter Poller: An efficient kernel for multilingual generation in speech-to-speech dialogue translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 110-116. [PDF, 664KB]

(1998) Johan Bos, C.J.Rupp, Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf, & Michael Dorna: Managing information at linguistic interfaces. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 160-166. [PDF, 635KB]

(1998) Bianka. Buschbeck-Wolf & Michael Dorna: Quality and robustness in MT—A balancing act. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.62-71. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Osamu Furuse, Setsuo Yamada, Kazuhide Yamamoto: Splitting long or ill-formed input for robust spoken-language translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 421-427. [PDF, 625KB]

(1998) Hideki Mima, Hitoshi Iida, & Osamu Furuse: Simultaneous interpretation utilizing example-based incremental transfer. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 855-861. [PDF, 643KB]

(1998) Carolyn Penstein Rosé & Lori S.Levin: An interactive domain independent approach to robust dialogue interpretation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1129-1135. [PDF, 691KB]

 (1998) Stuart Sklair: [contribution to] Dream on: the Language International New Year’s Tech and Tools wish list. Language International 10 (6), 1998; pp.12-14. [PDF, 136KB]

(1998) Monika Woszczyna, Matthew Broadhead, Donna Gates, Marsal Gavaldá, Alon Lavie, Lori Levin, & Alex Waibel: A modular approach to spoken language translation for large domains. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.31-40. [go to publisher details]

(1997) see Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain.

(1997) Jan Alexandersson, Norbert Reithinger, & Elisabeth Maier: Insights into the dialogue processing of VERBMOBIL.  Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.33-40. [PDF, 2136KB]

(1997) Hiyan Alshawi, Adam L.Buchsbaum, & Fei Xia: A comparison of head transducers and transfer for a limited domain translation application. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 360-365. [PDF, 523KB]

(1997) Jan W.Amtrup: Layered charts for speech translation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.192-199. [PDF, 185KB]

(1997) Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf & Michael Dorna: Using hybrid methods and resources in semantic-based transfer. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference "Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing" (RANLP'97), Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria, September 1997; 8pp. [PDF, 233KB]

(1997) Robert E. Frederking, Ralf D.Brown, & Christopher Hogan: The DIPLOMAT rapid-deployment speech MT system.  MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 261-262 [PDF, 86KB]

(1997) Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, & Harold Somers: The Spoken Language Translation Workshop: ACL/EACL-97, 11 July 1997, Madrid.  In: MT News International no.18, October/November 1997. [PDF]

(1997) Young-Suk Lee, Clifford Weinstein, Dinesh Tummala, Linda Kukolich, & Stephanie Seneff: Simplification of nomenclature leads to an ideal IL for human language communication. Proceedings of the AMTA/SIG-IL First Workshop on Interlinguas, October 28, 1997, San Diego, CA, USA; pp. 71-72. [PDF, 86KB]

(1997) Shigeki Matsubara & Yasuyoshi Inagaki: Utilizing extra-grammatical phenomena in incremental English-Japanese machine translation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.31-38. [PDF, 406KB]

(1997) Hideki Mima, Osamu Furuse, Yumi Wakita, & Hitoshi Iida: Multi-lingual spoken dialog translation system using transfer-driven machine translation. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 148-155 [PDF, 198KB]

(1997) Hideki Mima, Osamu Furuse, & Hotoshi Iida: A situation-based approach to spoken dialog translation between different social roles. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.176-183. [PDF, 197KB]

(1997) Manny Rayner, David Carter, Ivan Bretan, Robert Eklund, Mats Wirén, Steffen Leo Hansen, Sabine Kirchmeier-Andersen, Christina Philp, Finn Sørensen, Hanne Erdman Thomsen: Recycling lingware in a multilingual MT system.  From research to commercial applications: making NLP work in practice. Proceedings of a workshop [at ACL-EACL-1997] ed. by Jill Burstein and Claudia Leacock, 12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp.65-70. [PDF, 603KB]

(1997) Birte Schmitz: Eliminating traces of spoken language production in automatic dialogue interpreting. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.184-191. [PDF, 152KB]

 (1997) Maite Taboada: Improving translation through contextual information. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 510-512. [PDF, 261KB]

(1997) Alexander Waibel: Multilingual speech processing. In: Giovanni Battista Varile & Antonio Zampolli (eds.) Survey of the state of the art in human language technology (Pisa: Giardini), pp. 266-272. [PDF, 148KB]

(1996) Bernd Abb, Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf, & Christel Tschernitschek: Abstraction and underspecification in semantic transfer Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.56-65 [PDF, 186KB]

 (1996) Bernd Abb, Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf, & Christel Tschernitschek: Semantic transfer in speech-to-speech MT.  Beitrag für einen Vortrag. (Heidedlberg: IBM Deutschland Informationssysteme GmbH, June 18, 1996); 11pp. [PDF, 212KB]

(1996) Jan W. Amtrup & Jörg Benra: Communication in large distributed AI systems for natural language processing.  Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 35-40. [PDF, 552KB]

 (1996) Robert Belvin, Bonnie Glover Stalls, Christine Montgomery, & Alfredo Arnaiz: The ‘lingua’ in interlingua. In: David Farwell (ed.) PREceedings of the Pre-Workshop on interlinguas and interlingual approaches to machine translation, 1 October 1996, Montreal, [AMTA]; pp.9-12 [PDF, 21KB]

(1996) Christian Boitet & Mutsuko Tomokiyo: Theory and practice of ambiguity labelling with a view to interactive disambiguation in text and speech MT. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 119-124. [PDF, 637KB]

(1996) Johan Bos, Björn Gambäck, Christian Lieske, Yoshiki Mori, Manfred Pinkal, & Karsten Worm: Compositional semantics in Verbmobil. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 131-136. [PDF, 511KB]

(1996) Michael Dorna & Martin C.Emele: Semantic-based transfer. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 316-321. [PDF, 645KB]

(1996) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Incremental translation utilizing constituent boundary patterns. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 412-417. [PDF, 561KB]

(1996) Günther Görz, Marcus Kesseler, Jörg Spilker, & Hans Weber: Research on architectures for integrated speech/language systems in Verbmobil. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 484-489. [PDF, 547KB]

 (1996) Dieter Huber: Towards computer-aided interpretation: state of the art, limitations and future directions [abstract]. In: Unity in diversity? International translation studies conference, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland, 9-11 May 1996; p.49. [PDF, 17KB]

(1996) Vanessa Houlder: Challenge of translating the spoken word.  Financial Times, 30 October 1996; p.17. [PDF, 87KB]

(1996) Hitoshi Iida, Eiichiro Sumita, & Osamu Furuse: Spoken-language translation method using examples. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 1074-1077. [PDF, 352KB]

(1996) Alon Lavie, Lori Levin, Alex Waibel, Donna Gates, Marsal Gavalda, & Laura Mayfield: System description: JANUS: multi-lingual translation of spontaneous speech in limited domain. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.252-255 [PDF, 144KB]

(1996) Alon Lavie, Lori Levin, Yan Qu, Alex Waibel, Donna Gates, Marsal Gavaldà, Laura Mayfield, & Maite Taboada: Dialogue processing in a conversational speech translation system. Proceedings of ICSLP-1996, Philadelphia, PA, October 1996; 4pp. [PDF, 106KB]

(1996) Alon Lavie, Donna Gates, Noah Coccaro, & Lori Levin: Input segmentation of spontaneous speech in JANUS: a speech-to-speech translation system. ECAI-1996 Workshop on Dialogue Processing in Spoken Language Systems, Budapest, Hungary, August 1996; 6pp. [PDF, 113KB]

(1996) Alon Lavie, Donna Gates, Marsal Gavaldà, Laura Mayfield, Alex Waibel, & Lori Levin: Multi-lingual translation of spontaneously spoken language in a limited domain. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 442-447. [PDF, 542KB]

(1996) Yoshiki Mori: Multiple discourse relations at the sentential level for Japanese. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 788-793. [PDF, 523KB]

(1995) Jan Alexandersson, Elisabeth Maier, & Norbert Reithinger: A robust and efficient three-layered dialogue component for a speech-to-speech translation system. Seventh conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, March 27-31, 1995, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; pp. 188-193. [PDF, 593KB]

(1995) Jan W. Amtrup: Chart-based incremental transfer in machine translation. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.188-195 [PDF, 198KB]

(1995) Hitoshi Iida: Spoken dialogue translation technologies and speech translation. MT Summit V Proceedings, Luxembourg, July 10-13, 1995; 1p. [abstract only] [PDF, 88KB]

(1995) Lori Levin, Oren Glickman, Yan Qu, Carolyn P. Rose, Donna Gates, Alon Lavie, Alex Waibel, & Carol Van Ess-Dykema: Using context in machine translation of spoken language. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.173-187. [PDF, 304KB]

(1995) L.J. Mayfield, M. Gavalda, Y-H. Seo, B. Suhm, W. Ward, & A. Waibel: Concept-based parsing for speech translation. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.196-205. [PDF, 179KB]

(1995) Tsuyoshi Morimoto: [review of] Verbmobil: a translation system for face-to-face dialog [by] Martin Kay et al. (CSLI, 1994). Computational Linguistics 21 (2), pp. 272-273 [PDF, 303KB]

(1995) J. Joachim Quantz, Uwe Kuessner, & Manfred Gehrke: Domain modeling for machine translation. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.115-122. [PDF, 156KB]

(1995) Manny Rayner, Pierrette Bouillon, & David Carter: Using corpora to develop limited-domain speech translation systems. Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 8pp. [PDF, 200KB]

(1995) Birte Schmitz & J. Joachim Quantz: Dialogue acts in automatic dialogue interpreting. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.33-47. [PDF, 228KB]

(1995) B.Suhm, P.Geutner, T.Kemp, A.Lavie, L.Mayfield, A.E.McNair, I.Rogina, T.Schultz, T.Sloboda, W.Ward, M.Woszczyna, & A.Waibel: JANUS: towards multilingual spoken language translation. Proceedings of ARPA Workshop on Spoken Language Technology, Barton Creeks, January 1995; 221-226pp. [PDF, 123KB]

(1995) Eiichiro Sumita & Hitoshi Iida: Heterogeneous computing for example-based translation of spoken language. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.273-286. [PDF, 224KB]

(1995) J.M. Vilar, A. Castellanos, J.M. Jiménez, J.A. Sánchez, E. Vidal, J. Oncina, & H. Rulot: Spoken-language machine translation in limited domains: can it be achieved by finite-state models? TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.326-333. [PDF, 201KB]

(1995) Wolfgang Wahlster: Verbmobil: towards a DRT-based translation of spontaneous negotiation dialogues. MT Summit V Proceedings, Luxembourg, July 10-13, 1995; 1p. [abstract only] [PDF, 29KB]

(1995) Nigel Ward: [review of] Speech-to-speech translation: a massively parallel memory-based approach [by] Hiroaki Kitano (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994). Computational Linguistics 21 (4), pp. 590-592 [PDF, 242KB]

(1994) Hiyan Alshawi: Qualitative and quantitative models of speech translation. The balancing act: combining symbolic and statistical approaches to language. Proceedings of the workshop, 1 July 1994, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. (ACL, 1994); pp.1-10. [PDF, 1538KB]

(1994) Jan W.Amtrup: Perspectives for incremental MT with charts. In: Christa Hauenschild & Susanne Heizmann (eds.) Machine translation and translation theory. [EAMT workshop, Hildesheim University, September 1994]. (Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 19970; pp.211-222.

(1994) Christian Boitet & Mark Seligman: The “whiteboard” architecture: a way to integrate heterogeneous components of NLP systems. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 426-430. [PDF, 511KB]

(1994) Osamu Furuse: Transfer-driven machine translation. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier. Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 5-8 October 1994, Columbia, Maryland, USA (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.225-226 [PDF, 216KB]

(1994) Björn Gambäck & Ivan Bretan: Complex verb transfer phenomena in the SLT system. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 89-96. [PDF, 173KB]

(1994) Dieter Huber: From machine translation to automatic spoken language interpretation. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp.122-125. [PDF, 93KB]

(1994) Susann LuperFoy: Discourse processing for voice-to-voice machine translation. In: Christa Hauenschild & Susanne Heizmann (eds.) Machine translation and translation theory. [EAMT workshop, Hildesheim University, September 1994]. (Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 19970; pp.223-250.

(1994) Scott McGlashan: The role of semantics in spoken dialogue translation systems. International conference “Machine translation: ten years on” Proceedings ... held at Cranfield University, England, 12-14 November 1994 (Cranfield University Press, 1998) [PDF, 814KB]

(1994) Christine Montgomery, Bonnie Glover Stalls, Robert E.Stumberger, Naicong Li, Robert S.Belvin, Alfredo R.Arnaiz, & Susan Hirsh Litenatsky: Machine-aided voice translation (MAVT) advanced development model. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier. Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 5-8 October 1994, Columbia, Maryland, USA (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.235-236 [PDF, 126KB]

(1994) Kozo Oi, Eiichiro Sumita, Osamu Furuse, Hitoshi Iida, & Tetsuya Higuchi: Real-time spoken language translation using associative processors.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.196-197. [PDF, 602KB]

(1994) Bärbel Ripplinger: Concept-based machine translation and interpretation. International conference “Machine translation: ten years on” Proceedings ... held at Cranfield University, England, 12-14 November 1994 (Cranfield University Press, 1998) [PDF, 666KB]

(1994) Yasuhiro Sobashima, Osamu Furuse, Susumu Akamine, Jun Kawai, & Hitoshi Iida: A bidirectional, transfer-driven machine translation system for spoken dialogues. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 64-68. [PDF, 403KB]

(1994) B.Suhm, L.Levin, N.Coccaro, J.Carbonell, K.Horiguchi, R.Isotani, A.Lavie, L.Mayfield, C.P.Rosé, C.Van Ess-Dykema, & A.Waibel: Speech-language integration in a multi-lingual speech translation system. AAAI-94: Proceedings of AAAI-1994 Workshop on Integration of Natural Language and Speech Processing, Seattle, WA, July 1994; 8pp. [PDF, 263KB]

(1994) Boh Wasyliw & Douglas Clarke: Natural language analysis and machine translation in pilot-ATC communication. International conference “Machine translation: ten years on” Proceedings ... held at Cranfield University, England, 12-14 November 1994 (Cranfield University Press, 1998) [PDF, 251KB]

(1993) Ch. Boitet: Practical speech translation systems will integrate human expertise, multimodal communication, and interactive disambiguation MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.173-176 [PDF, 141KB]

(1993) David Carter: SRI and spoken language translation. In: MT News International no.6, September 1993

(1993) Norman M.Fraser: The SUNDIAL speech understanding and dialogue project: results and implications for translation.  Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.165-179. [PDF, 105KB]

(1993) Akira Kurematsu: Overview of speech translatioin at ATR.  In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 33-41. [PDF, 183KB]]

(1993) Tsuyoshi Morimoto & Akira Kurematsu: Automatic speech translation at ATR MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.83-96 [PDF, 305KB]

(1993) Tsuyoshi Morimoto, Toshiyuki Takezawa, Fumihiro Yato, Shigeki Sagayama, Toshihisa Tashiro, Masaaki Nagata, & Akira Kurematsu: ATR’s speech translation system: ASURA.  Eurospeech ’93 Third European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Berlin, Germany, September 22-25, 1993; pp.1291-1294; abstract [PDF, 28KB]

(1993) Manny Rayner, Hiyan Alshawi, Ivan Bretan, David Carter, Vassilios Digalakis, Björn Gambäck, Jaan Kaja, Jussi Karlgren, Bertil Lyberg, Steve Pulman, Patti Price, & Christer Samuelsson: A speech to speech translation system built from standard components.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.217-222. [PDF, 616KB]

(1993) Manny Rayner, Ivan Bretan, David Carter, Michael Collins, Vassilios Digalakis, Bjorn Gamback, Jaan Kaja, Jussi Karlgren, Bertil Lyberg, Stephen Pulman, Patti Price, & Christer Samuelsson: Spoken language translation with mid-90’s technology: a case study.  Eurospeech ’93 Third European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Berlin, Germany, September 22-25, 1993; pp.1299-1302; abstract [PDF, 29KB]

(1993) Shigeki Sagayama, Jun-ichi Takami, Akito Nagai, Harald Singer, Kouchi Yamaguchi, Kzumi Ohkura, Kenji Kita, & Akira Kurematsu: ATREUS: a speech recognition front-end for a speech translation system. Eurospeech ’93 Third European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Berlin, Germany, September 22-25, 1993; pp.1287-1290; abstract [PDF, 28KB]

(1993) Eiichiro Sumita, Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: An example-based disambiguation of prepositional phrase attachment. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 80-91. [PDF, 205KB]

(1993) Wolfgang Wahlster: Verbmobil: translation of face-to-face dialogs MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.127-135 [PDF, 208KB]

(1993) Alex Waibel: Machine translation. [Summary of Session 6]. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.183-184. [PDF, 272KB]

(1993) M. Woszczyna, N.Coccaro, A.Eisele, A.Lavie, A.McNair, T.Polzin, I.Rogina, C.P.Rose, T.Sloboda, M.Tomita, J.Tsutsumi  N.Aoki-Waibel, A.Waibel, & W. Ward: Recent advances in JANUS: a speech translation system. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 195-200. [PDF, 221KB]

(1993) M. Woszczyna, N. Coccaro, A. Eisele, A. Lavie, A. McNair, T. Polzin, I. Rogina, C.P. Rose, T. Sloboda, M. Tomita, J. Tsutsumi, N. Aoki-Waibel, A. Waibel, & W. Ward: Recent advances in JANUS: a speech translation system.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.211-216. [PDF, 599KB]

 (1993) ARPA’s deep pockets. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.15, May-June 1993; pp.5-8. [PDF, 95KB]

 (1992) Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Steve Pulman, Manny Rayner, & Björn Gambäck: English-Swedish translation [of] dialogue software. Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.165-174. [PDF, 73KB]

(1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: An example-based method for transfer-driven machine translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.139-150. [PDF, 224KB]

 (1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Transfer-driven machine translation. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.95-111. [PDF, 178KB]

(1992) Christine A. Montgomery, Bonnie Glover Stalls, Robert E. Stumberger, Naicong Li, Robert S. Belvin, & Alfredo Arnaiz: Evaluation of the machine-aided voice translation (MAVT) system. In: MT evaluation: basis for future directions. Proceedings of a workshop..., 2-3 November 1992, San Diego, California; pp. 27-30 [PDF, 115KB]

(1992) Tsuyoshi Morimoto, Masami Suzuki, Toshiyuki Takezawa, Gen’ichiro Kikui, Maasaki Nagata, & Mutsuko Tomokiyo: A spoken language translation system: SL-TRANS2. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1048-1052. [PDF, 309KB]

(1991) A.N.Jain, A.E.McNair, A.Waibel, H.Saito, A.G.Hauptmann, & J.Tebelski: Connectionist and symbolic processing in speech-to-speech translation: the JANUS system.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 113-117 [PDF, 401KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 153-160]

(1991) Hiroaki Kitano: Φ DM Dialog: an experimental speech-to-speech dialog translation system. Computer, vol.24, no.6, June 1991; pp. 36-50. [abstract] [PDF, 72KB]

(1991) Hiroaki Kitano, Dan Moldovan, & Seungho Cha: Toward high performance machine translation: preliminary results from massively parallel memory-based translation on SNAP.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 93-100 [PDF, 518KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 139-152]

(1991) David B.Roe, Fernando Pereira, Richard W.Sproat, Michael D.Riley, Pedro J.Moreno, & Alejandro Macarron: Toward a spoken language translator for restricted-domain context-free languages. Eurospeech ’91 Second European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Genova, Italy, September 24-26, 1991; pp.1063-1066; abstract [PDF, 28KB]

(1991) Eiichiro Sumita & Hitoshi Iida: Experiments and prospects of example-based machine translation.  29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.185-192. [PDF, 663KB]

(1990) John Connolly: Functional architectures for spoken MT. [Contribution to discussion group ‘Speech/NL interaction and MT’] Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; [PDF]

(1990) Hitoshi Iida, Takayuki Yamaoka, & Hidekazu Arita: Three typed pragmatics for dialogue structure analysis. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 370-372. [PDF, 374KB]

(1990) Kiyoshi Kogure, Masako Kume, & Hitoshi Iida: Illocutionary act based translation of dialogues. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.47-55. [PDF, 161KB] 

(1990) Tsuyoshi Morimoto: Automatic interpreting telephony research at ATR. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 24pp. [PDF, 151KB]

(1990) Yoshihiro Ueda & Kiyoshi Kogure: Generation for dialogue translation using typed feature structure unification. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.1, pp. 64-66. [PDF, 270KB]

Statistical MT

(1999) Sergio Barrachina & Juan Miguel Vilar: Bilingual clustering using monolingual algorithms.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 77-87 [PDF, 189KB]

(1999) Yaser Al-Onaizan, Jan Curin, Michael Jahr, Kevin Knight, John Lafferty, Dan Melamed, Franz-Josef Och, David Purdy, Noah A.Smith, David Yarowsky: Statistical machine translation, Final report, JHU Workshop 1999. Technical Report, CLSP/JHU. [PDF, 427KB]

(1999) Kevin Knight: Decoding complexity in word-replacement translation models. Computational Linguistics 25 (4), pp. 607-615 [Squibs and discussions] [PDF, 515KB]

(1999) Kevin Knight: A statistical MT tutorial workbook. Prepared in connection with the JHU summer workshop. April 30, 1999. 35pp. [PDF, 174KB]

(1999) Franz Josef Och: An efficient method for determining bilingual word classes. EACL’99: Ninth Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 8-12 June 1999, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; pp. 71-76. [PDF, 489KB]

(1999) Franz Josef Och, Christoph Tillmann, & Hermann Ney: Improved alignment models for statistical machine translation. Joint SIGDAT conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou, 21-22 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; pp.20-28. [PDF, 768KB]

(1999) Oliver Streiter, Leonid L. Iomdin, Munpyo Hong & Ute Hauck: Learning, forgetting and remembering: statistical support for rule-based MT.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 44-54 [PDF, 236KB]

(1998) Hiyan Alshawi, Srinivas Bangalore, & Shona Douglas: Automatic acquisition of hierarchical transduction models for machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 41-47. [PDF, 542KB]

(1998) Ismael García-Varea & Francisco Casacuberta: Statistical translation in limited domain tasks Proceedings of the 10th European Summer School on Logic, Linguistics and Information (ESSLLI), Saarbrücken, 24-28 August 1998: Workshop on machine translation. [PDF, 240KB]

(1998) Kevin Knight & Yaser Al-Onaizan: Translation with finite-state devices. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.421-437. [go to publisher details]

(1998) J.Scott McCarley & Salim Roukos: Fast document translation for cross-language information retrieval. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.150-157. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Jian-Yun Nie, Pierre Isabelle, Pierre Plamondon, & George Foster: Using a probabilistic translation model for cross-language information retrieval. Coling-ACL’98: Sixth workshop on Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. Eugene Charniak, 15th-16th August 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp.18-27. [PDF, 862KB]

(1998) S. Nießen, S.Vogel, H.Ney, & C.Tillmann: A DP based search algorithm for statistical machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 960-967. [PDF, 654KB]

(1998) Franz Josef Och & Hans Weber: Improving statistical natural language translation with categories and rules. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 704-710. [PDF, 443KB]

(1998) Kengo Sato & Masakazu Nakanishi: Maximum entropy model learning of the translation rules. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1171-1175. [PDF, 386KB]

(1998) Ye-Yi Wang & Alex Waibel: Modeling with structures in statistical machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1357-1363. [PDF, 524KB]

(1998) Dekai Wu & Hongsing Wong: Machine translation with a stochastic grammatical channel. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1408-1415. [PDF, 691KB]

(1997) Stephen Della Pietra, Mark Epstein, Salim Roukos, & Todd Ward: Fertility models for statistical natural language understanding. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 168-173. [PDF, 443KB]

(1997) I.Dan Melamed: A word-to-word model of translational equivalence. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 490-497. [PDF, 718KB]

(1997) C.Tillmann, S.Vogel, H.Ney, & A.Zubiaga: A DP based search using monotone alignments in statistical translation. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 289-296. [PDF, 585KB]

(1997) Ye-Yi Wang & Alex Waibel: Decoding algorithm in statistical machine translation. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 366-372. [PDF, 589KB]

(1996) Kenneth W.Church: Statistical ≠ MT stone soup. In: Craig A.Knoblock (ed.) Statistical versus knowledge-based machine translation. IEEE Expert 11 (2), 1996; pp.14-15.

 (1996) Craig A.Knoblock (ed.) Statistical versus knowledge-based machine translation. [Contributions by Yorick Wilks, Kenneth W.Church, Sergei Nirenburg, and Eduard H.Hovy.] IEEE Expert 11 (2), 1996; pp.12-18. [PDF, 203KB]

(1996) Stephan Vogel, Hermann Ney, & Christoph Tillmann: HMM-based word alignment in statistical translation. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 836-841. [PDF, 496KB]

(1996) Yorick Wilks: On the limits of automation. Contribution to panel The limits of automation at the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.226-227 [PDF, 114KB]

(1996) Dekai Wu: A polynomial-time algorithm for statistical machine translation. 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 152-158. [PDF, 663KB]

(1995) Ralf Brown & Robert Frederking: Applying statistical English language modelling to symbolic machine translation. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.221-239. [PDF, 222KB]

(1995) Pascale Fung & Dekai Wu: Coerced Markov models for cross-lingual lexical-tag relations. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.240-255. [PDF, 306KB]

(1995) Dekai Wu: Grammarless extraction of phrasal translation examples from parallel texts. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.355-372. [PDF, 340KB]

(1994) Adam L.Berger, Peter F.Brown, Stephen A.Della Pietra, Vincent J.Della Pietra, John R.Gillett, John D.Lafferty, Robert L.Mercer, Harry Printz, & Luboš Ureš: The Candide system for machine translation. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); pp.157-162. [PDF, 1046KB]

(1994) Stephen DellaPietra & Vincent DellaPietra: Candide: a statistical machine translation system.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 8-11, 1994. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1994); p.457. [PDF, 526KB]

(1994) Kevin Knight, Ishwar Chander, Matthew Haines, Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou, Eduard Hovy, Masayo Iida, Steve K. Luk, Akitoshi Okumura, Richard Whitney, & Kenji Yamada: Integrating knowledge bases and statistics in MT. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 134-141. [PDF,205KB]

(1994) Yorick Wilks: Stone soup and the French room.  In: Current issues in computational linguistics: in honour of Don Walker, ed. Antonio Zampolli, Nicoletta Calzolari, Martha Palmer (Linguistica Computazionale, vol. 9-10); Pisa: Giradini Editori; Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, [1994]; pp.585-594. [PDF, 54 KB] Repr. in: Khurshid Ahmad, Christopher Brewster, & Mark Stevenson (eds.) Words and intelligence I: selected papers by Yorick Wilks (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007); pp.255-265; and in: Yorick Wilks: Machine translation: its scope and limits (New York; Springer, 2009), pp.101-113.

(1994) Dekai Wu and Xuanyin Xia: Learning an English-Chinese lexicon from a parallel corpus. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas,5-8 October, Columbia, Maryland, USA. [Washington, DC: AMTA]; pp. 206-213 [PDF, 190KB]

(1993) Peter F. Brown, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, & Robert L. Mercer: The mathematics of statistical machine translation: parameter estimation. Computational Linguistics 19 (2), pp. 263-311 [PDF, 2739KB]

(1993) Peter F. Brown: Applying statistical methods to machine translation. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); p.397. [PDF, 95KB]

(1993) Peter F. Brown, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, Meredith J. Goldsmith, Jan Hajic, Robert L. Mercer, & Surya Mohanty: But dictionaries are data too. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.202-205. [PDF, 247KB]

(1993) John Hutchins: TMI-93 continues the ‘rationalist-empiricist’ debate.  In: MT News International no.6, September 1993. [PDF]

(1993) Robert L. Mercer: Inflectional morphology needs to be authenticated by hand. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); p.105.

(1993) Richard Sharman: New directions in machine translation. British Computer Society Natural Language Translation Specialist Group, Newsletter no 21, April 1993; pp.19-20. [PDF, 61KB]

(1993) Alex Waibel: Machine translation. [Summary of Session 6]. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp.183-184. [PDF, 272KB]

(1993) Yorick Wilks: Corpora and machine translation MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, July 20-22, 1993, Kobe, Japan; pp.137-145 [PDF, 151KB]

(1993) Yorick Wilks: Developments in MT research in the US. Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.1-17. [PDF, 105KB]

(1992) Peter F. Brown, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, John D. Lafferty, & Robert L. Mercer: Analysis, statistical transfer, and synthesis in machine translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.83-100. [PDF, 209KB]

(1992) Peter F. Brown, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, Robert L. Mercer, & Surya Mohanty: Dividing and conquering long sentences in a translation system. Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Harriman, New York, USA, February 23-26, 1992. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); pp. 267-271. [PDF, 802KB]

 (1992) Peter Brown & Eduard Hovy: DARPA’s Boston MT party.  In: MT News International no.3, September 1992. [PDF]

(1992) Jerry R. Hobbs: Machine translation. [Introduction to Session 8A.] Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Harriman, New York, USA, February 23-26, 1992. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1992); pp. 253-254. [PDF, 577KB]

(1992) Steven Richardson: TMI’92: a second opinion. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.12, November-December 1992; p.10. [PDF, 106KB]

(1992) Keh-Yih Su & Jing-Shin Chang: Why corpus-based statistics-oriented machine translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.249-262. [PDF, 328KB]

(1992) Tony Whitecomb: Statistical methods gaining ground. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.11, Sept-Oct 1992; pp.1-3. [PDF, 106KB]

(1992) DARPA’s MT thrust. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.8, March-April 1992; p.4. [PDF, 82KB]

(1992) IBM: tentative. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.11, Sept-Oct 1992; p.2. [PDF, 71KB]

(1991) Peter F. Brown, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, & Robert L. Mercer: A statistical approach to sense disambiguation in machine translation.  Speech and Natural Language: proceedings of a workshop held at Pacific Grove, California, USA, February 19-22, 1991. (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1991); pp. 146-151. [PDF, 915KB]

(1991) Peter F. Brown, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, & Robert Mercer: Word-sense disambiguation using statistical methods. 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp. 264-270. [PDF, 473KB]

(1991) Peter F. Brown, John Cocke, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, Frederick Jelinek, John D. Lafferty, Robert L. Mercer, & Paul S. Roossin: Erratum to: A statistical approach to machine translation. Computational Linguistics 17 (3), pp. 325-326 [PDF, 71KB]

(1991) Shu-Chuan Chen, Jing-Shin Chang, Jong-Nae Wang, & Keh-Yih Su: ArchTran: a corpus-based statistics-oriented English-Chinese machine translation system.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 33-40 [PDF, 659KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 87-98]

(1990) Peter F. Brown, John Cocke, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, Frederick Jelinek, John D. Lafferty, Robert L. Mercer, & Paul S. Roossin: A statistical approach to machine translation. Computational Linguistics 16 (2), pp. 79-85 [PDF, 660KB]

(1990) R.A.Sharman: An introduction to statistical machine translation. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 12pp. [PDF, 159KB]

Transfer-based MT (see also Lexical transfer, Syntactic transfer)

(1999) Arendse Bernth: A confidence index for machine translation.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 109-119 [PDF, 158KB]

(1999) Sung-Kwon Choi, Taewan Kim, Sang-Hwa Yuh, Han-Min Jung, Chul-Min Sim, & Sang-Kyu Park: English-to-Korean web translator: “FromTo/Web-EK”. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 432-437. [PDF, 201KB]

(1999) Anette Frank: From parallel grammar development towards machine translation – a project overview.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.134-142. [PDF, 263KB]

(1999) Hideki Kashioka, Hiroko Ohta, Kazutaka Takao, & Yoshiko Shirokizawa: Applying TDMT to abstracts on science and technology.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 213-219. [PDF, 258KB]

(1999) Junichi Matsuda & Hiroyuki Kumai: Transfer-based Japanese-Chinese translation implemented on an e-mail system. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 476-480. [PDF, 165KB]

(1999) Kentaro Ogura, Francis Bond, & Yoshifumi Ooyama: ALT-J/M: a prototype Japanese-to-Malay translation system.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 444-448. [PDF, 199KB]

(1999) Brigitte Orliac & Kutz Arrieta: TermBuilder: a lexical knowledge acquisition tool for the Logos machine translation system . Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 593-597. [PDF, 137KB]

(1999) Byong-Rae Ryu, Youngkil Kim, Sanghwa Yuh & Sangkyu Park: FromTo K/E: a Korean-English machine translation system based on idiom recognition and fail softening. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 469-475. [PDF, 235KB]

(1999) Key-Yih Su & Jing-Shin Chang: A customizable, self-learnable parameterized MT system: the next generation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.182-188. [PDF, 180KB]

(1999) Gang Zhao & Junichi Tsujii: Transfer in experience-guided machine translation. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 501-508. [PDF, 369KB]

(1998) Sung-Kwon Choi, Han-Min Jung, Chul-Min Sim, Taewan Kim, Dong-In Park, Jun-Sik Park, & Key-Sun Choi: Hybrid approaches to improvement of translation quality in web-based English-Korean machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 251-255. [PDF, 358KB]

(1998) Jorge Kinoshita: An open transfer translation. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.510-513. [go to publisher details]

 (1998) Uus Knops & Bart Depoortere: Controlled language and machine translation. In: CLAW 98: proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Controlled Language Applications, 21-22 May 1998, Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; pp.42-50. [PDF, 308KB]

(1998) Michael McCord & Arendse Bernth: The LMT Transformational System. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.344-355. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Hideki Mima, Hitoshi Iida, & Osamu Furuse: Simultaneous interpretation utilizing example-based incremental transfer. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 855-861. [PDF, 643KB]

(1998) Davide Turcato: Automatically creating bilingual lexicons for machine translation from bilingual text. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1299-1306. [PDF, 717KB]

(1998) Hideo Watanabe & Koichi Takeda: A pattern-based machine translation system extended by example-based processing. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1369-1373. [PDF, 379KB]

(1997) Hiyan Alshawi, Adam L.Buchsbaum, & Fei Xia: A comparison of head transducers and transfer for a limited domain translation application. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 360-365. [PDF, 523KB]

 (1997) J.Gabriel Amores & José F.Quesada: Machine translation with Episteme: linguistic knowledge representation, computational efficiency and formal properties. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’97, ed. Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2000; pp.315-326. [PDF, 276KB]

(1997) Shigeki Matsubara & Yasuyoshi Inagaki: Utilizing extra-grammatical phenomena in incremental English-Japanese machine translation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.31-38. [PDF, 406KB]

(1997) Hideki Mima, Osamu Furuse, Yumi Wakita, & Hitoshi Iida: Multi-lingual spoken dialog translation system using transfer-driven machine translation. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 148-155 [PDF, 198KB]

(1997) Kanlaya Naruedomkul & Nick Cercone: Steps toward accurate machine translation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.63-75. [PDF, 656KB]

(1997) Anna Sågvall Hein, Ingrid Almqvist & Per Starbäck: Scania Swedish – a basis for multilingual translation. Translating and the Computer 19. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 13 & 14 November 1997 (London: Aslib, 1997); 15pp. [PDF, 269KB]

 (1997) Davide Turcato, Olivier Laurens, Paul McFetridge & Fred Popowich: Inflectional information in transfer for lexicalist machine translation. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’97, ed. Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2000; pp.303-314. [PDF, 287KB]

(1996) Hiyan Alshawi: Head automata and bilingual tiling: translation with minimal representations. Invited talk at: 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 167-176. [PDF, 1031KB]

(1996) Harri Arnola, Kaarina Hyvönen, Jukka-Pekka Juntunen, Tim Linnanvirta, & Petteri Suoranta: Kielikone Finnish-English MT system TranSmart in practical use. Translating and the Computer 18. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 14 & 15 November 1996 (London: Aslib, 1996); 17pp. [PDF, 200KB]

(1996) Michael Dorna & Martin C.Emele: Efficient implementation of a semantic-based transfer approach. ECAI96: 12th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Budapest, Hungary, August 11-16, 1996, ed. Wolfgang Wahlster (Chichester: Wiley, 1996); pp.567-571. [PDF,

(1996) Michael Dorna & Martin C.Emele: Semantic-based transfer. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 316-321. [PDF, 645KB]

(1996) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Incremental translation utilizing constituent boundary patterns. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 412-417. [PDF, 561KB]

(1996) Hitoshi Iida, Eiichiro Sumita, & Osamu Furuse: Spoken-language translation method using examples. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 1074-1077. [PDF, 352KB]

(1996) Bjarne Ørsnes, Bradley Music, & Bente Maegaard: PaTrans – a patent translation system. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 1115-1118. [PDF, 392KB]

(1996) Stephan Vogel, Hermann Ney, & Christoph Tillmann: HMM-based word alignment in statistical translation. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 836-841. [PDF, 496KB]

(1995) Jan W. Amtrup: Chart-based incremental transfer in machine translation. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.188-195 [PDF, 198KB]

(1995) Igor Boguslavsky: A bidirectional Russian-to-English machine translation system (ETAP-3) MT Summit V Proceedings, Luxembourg, July 10-13, 1995; 2pp. [abstract only] [PDF, 87KB]

 (1995) Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf, Miriam Butt, Mariana Damova, Michael Dorna, Kurt Eberle, Martin Emele, Rita Nübel, Sabine Reinhard, Bärbel Ripplinger, Michael Schiehlen, & Helmut Schmid: Transfer in the Verbmobil demonstrator. Verbmobil report 147, August 1995; 135pp. [PDF, 876KB]

(1995) Ann Copestake, Dan Flickinger, Rob Malouf, Susanne Riehemann,& Ivan Sag: Translation using minimal recursion semantics. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.15-32. [PDF, 288KB]

(1995) Claudia Gdaniec & Patricia Schmid: Constituent shifts in the Logos English-German system. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.311-318. [PDF, 124KB]

(1995) I.Höser, G.Klimonow, A.Küstner, & B.Rüdiger: METAL Russian-German on the way to a product. Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 7pp. [PDF, 110KB]

(1995) Hubert Lehmann: MT for home and business users. MT Summit V Proceedings, Luxembourg, July 10-13, 1995; 9pp. [PDF, 124KB]

(1995) Hyun S.Park: Mapping scrambled Korean sentences into English using synchronous TAGs. 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 26-30 June 1995, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; pp.317-319 . [PDF, 267KB]

(1995) Keh-Yih Su, Jing-Shin Chang, & Yu-Ling Una Hsu: A corpus-based two-way design for parameterized MT systems: rationale, architecture and training issues. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.334-353. [PDF, 473KB]

(1995) Ye-Yi Wang & Alex Waibel: Connectionist  f-structure transfer. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’95, ed. Ruslan Mitkov & Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1997; pp.393-404. [PDF, 304KB]

(1994) G. Adriaens : Simplified English grammar and style correction in an MT framework: the LRE SECC project. Translating and the Computer 16. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1994, Institution of Civil Engineers, London SW1 (London: Aslib, 1994); pp.78-88. [PDF, 80KB]

(1994) Susumu Akamine, Osamu Furuse, & Hitoshi Iida: Integration of example-based transfer and rule-based generation.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.196-197. [PDF, 209KB]

(1994) Jan W.Amtrup: Perspectives for incremental MT with charts. In: Christa Hauenschild & Susanne Heizmann (eds.) Machine translation and translation theory. [EAMT workshop, Hildesheim University, September 1994]. (Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 19970; pp.211-222.

(1994) Jaime Carbonell, David Farwell, Robert Frederking, Steven Helmreich, Eduard Hovy, Kevin Knight, Lori Levin, & Sergei Nirenburg: Pangloss. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier. Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 5-8 October 1994, Columbia, Maryland, USA (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.240-241 [PDF, 71KB]

(1994) Key-Sun Choi, Seungmi Lee, Hiongun Kim, Deok-bong Kim, Cheoljung Kweon, & Gilchang Kim: An English-to-Korean machine translator: MATES/EK. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 129-133. [PDF, 330KB]

(1994) Osamu Furuse: Transfer-driven machine translation. Technology partnerships for crossing the language barrier. Proceedings of the First Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 5-8 October 1994, Columbia, Maryland, USA (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.225-226 [PDF, 216KB]

(1994) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Constituent boundary parsing for example-based machine translation. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 105-111. [PDF, 496KB]

(1994) Elke Lange: The SYSTRAN machine translation system. ARPA Workshop on Machine Translation, 17-18 March 1994, Sheraton Premier Hotel at Tyson’s Corner, Vienna; 8 slides [PDF, 81KB]

(1994) Larisa S. Modina & Zoya M. Shalyapina: The JaRAP experimental system of Japanese-Russian automatic translation. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 112-114. [PDF, 270KB]

(1994) Sergei Nirenburg, Robert Frederking, David Farwell, & Yorick Wilks: Two types of adaptive MT environments. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 125-128. [PDF, 303KB]

(1994) Yasuhiro Sobashima, Osamu Furuse, Susumu Akamine, Jun Kawai, & Hitoshi Iida: A bidirectional, transfer-driven machine translation system for spoken dialogues. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 64-68. [PDF, 403KB]

(1994) Koichi Takeda: Tricolor DAGs for machine translation. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 27-30 June 1994, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA; pp.226-233. [PDF, 704KB]

(1994) Hideo Watanabe: A method for distinguishing exceptional and general examples in example-based transfer systems. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 39-44. [PDF, 363KB]

(1993) Margherita Antona & Jun-ichi Tsujii: Treatment of tense and aspect in translation from Italian to Greek — an example of treatment of implicit information in knowledge-based transfer MT. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 131-153. [PDF, 209KB]

(1993) Jing-Shin Chang & Keh-Yih Su: A corpus-based statistics-oriented transfer and generation model for machine translation. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 3-14. [PDF, 260KB]

(1993) Katharina Koch: Machine translation and terminology database – uneasy bedfellows?  In: Machine translation and the lexicon: Third international EAMT workshop, Heidelberg, Germany, April 26-28 1993, Proceedings (Berlin: Springer, 1995); pp.131-158. [abstract]

(1993) Eric Wehrli & Mira Ramluckun:  ITS-2: an interactive personal translation system. Sixth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 21-23 April 1993, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; p. 476. [PDF, 99KB]

(1992) Jaime G. Carbonell, Teruko Mitamura, & Eric H. Nyberg, 3rd: The KANT perspective: a critique of pure transfer (and pure interlingua, pure statistics, .. ) Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.225-235. [PDF, 180KB]

(1992) Kurt Eberle, Walter Kasper, & Christian Rohrer: Contextual constraints for MT Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.213-224. [PDF, 207KB]

(1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: An example-based method for transfer-driven machine translation Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.139-150. [PDF, 224KB]

(1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Cooperation between transfer and analysis in example-based framework. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 645-651. [PDF, 440KB]

 (1992) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Transfer-driven machine translation. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.95-111. [PDF, 178KB]

(1992) Ulrike Rackow, Ido Dagan, & Ulrike Schwall: Automatic translation of noun compounds. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1249-1253. [PDF, 398KB]

(1992) B. Roudaud: Typology study of French technical texts, with a view to developing a machine translation system. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1284-1288. [PDF, 359KB]

(1992) Louisa Sadler: Rule-based translation as constraint resolution. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.1-21. [PDF, 180KB]

(1992)  Louisa Sadler & Doug Arnold: Unification and machine translation. Meta 37 (4), décembre 1992; pp.657-680. [note]

(1992) Thomas Schneider: User driven development: METAL as an integrated multilingual system. Meta 37 (4), décembre 1992; pp.583-594. [note]

(1992) Koichi Takeda, Naohiko Uramoto, Tetsuya Nasukawa, & Tajiro Tsutsumi: Shalt2 – a symmetric machine translation system with conceptual transfer. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 1034-1038. [PDF, 439KB]

(1992) Arturo Trujillo: Locations in the machine translation of prepositional phrases Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.13-20. [PDF, 205KB]

(1992) Hideo Watanabe: A similarity-driven transfer system. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 770-776. [PDF, 406KB]

(1991) Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Manny Rayner, & Björn Gambäck: Translation by quasi logical form transfer. 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.161-168. [PDF, 669KB]

(1991) Doug Arnold & Louisa Sadler: Eurotra: an assessment of the current state of the EC’s MT programme. Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.137-151. [PDF, 91KB]

(1991) Bianka Buschbeck, Renate Henschel, Iris Höser, Gerda Klimonow, Andreas Küstner, & Ingrid Starke: Limits of a sentence based procedural approach for aspect choice in German-Russian MT. Fifth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 9-11 April 1991, Congress Hall, Alexanderplatz, Berlin, Germany; pp. 269-274.  {PDF, 409KB]

(1991) Shu-Chuan Chen, Jing-Shin Chang, Jong-Nae Wang, & Keh-Yih Su: ArchTran: a corpus-based statistics-oriented English-Chinese machine translation system.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 33-40 [PDF, 659KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 87-98]

(1991) Björn Gambäck, Manny Rayner, Hiyan Alshawi & David Carter: Measuring compositionality of transfer.  Proceedings of the Evaluators’ Forum, April 21st – 24th, 1991, Les Rasses, Vaud, Switzerland, ed. Kirsten Falkedal. (Geneva: ISSCO); pp. 181-184. [PDF, 189KB]

(1991) Björn Gambäck, Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter & Manny Rayner: Measuring compositionality in transfer-based machine translation systems. In: Jeanette  G.Neal and Sharon M.Walter (eds.): Natural Language Processing Systems Evaluation Workshop, Calspan-UB Research Center, Buffalo, NY, 18 June 1991; pp.141-145. [PDF, 322KB]

(1991) Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt: Sublanguages in machine translation. Fifth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 9-11 April 1991, Congress Hall, Alexanderplatz, Berlin, Germany; pp. 306-308. [PDF, 257KB]

(1991) Jun-chi Tsujii & Kimikazu Fujita: Lexical transfer based on bilingual signs: towards interaction during transfer. Fifth conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 9-11 April 1991, Congress Hall, Alexanderplatz, Berlin, Germany; pp. 275-280. [PDF, 586KB]

(1991) Rémi Zajac: A uniform architecture for parsing, generation and transfer. [ACL 1991] Reversible Grammar in Natural Language Processing: proceedings of a workshop, ed. Tomek Strzalkowski, 17 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.71-80. [PDF, 702KB]

(1990) Anne Abeillé, Yves Schabes, & Aravind K. Joshi: Using lexical tags for machine translation. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th Inter national Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 1-6. [PDF, 560KB]

(1990) S. Ananiadou & J.McNaught: Treatment of compounds in a transfer-based machine translation system. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.57-63. [PDF, 165KB]

(1990) Lorna Balkan: Complex transfer in EUROTRA. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 18pp. [PDF, 59KB]

(1990) John A. Bateman: Finding translation equivalents: an application of grammatical metaphor. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.2, pp. 13-18. [PDF, 703KB]

 (1990) Claude Bédard: TOVNA – a new word for teachable machine translation. Electric Word 18, March-April 1990; pp.51-52. [PDF, 712KB]

(1990) Paul Bennett & Jacques Durand: The work of the EUROTRA linguistic specifications group [abstract]. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 1p. [PDF, 12KB]

(1990) Lauri Carlson & Maria Vilkuna: Independent transfer using graph unification. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 60-63. [PDF, 366KB]

(1990) Ian Crookston: The E-framework: emerging problems. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.2, pp. 66-71. [PDF, 361KB]

(1990) Dong Zhen Dong: TRANSTAR – a commercial English-Chinese MT system. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 339-341. [PDF, 225KB]

(1990) Dominique Estival, Afzal Ballim, Graham Russell, & Susan Warwick: A syntax and semantics for feature-structure transfer. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.131-143 [PDF, 183KB]

(1990) Huang Jianshuo: Design issue of ECTST. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.3, pp. 376-378. [PDF, 262KB]

(1990) J.Jelinek, G.Wilcock, O.Nishida, T.Yoshimi, M.J.W.Bos, N.Tamura, & H.Murakami: Japanese-to-English project, PROTRAN & TWINTRAN. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.1, pp. 50-52. [PDF, 235KB]

(1990) David E.Johnson & Hideo Watanabe: Relational-grammar-based generation in the JETS Japanese-English machine translation system. Fifth international workshop on Natural Language Generation, Proceedings, 3-6 June 1990, Linden Hall Conference Center, Dawson, Pennsylvania; pp. 174-182. [PDF, 688KB]

 (1990) Andrew Joscelyne: Pedal to the Metal. Electric Word 17, January-February 1990; pp.33-38. [PDF, 5088KB]

(1990) Diana Santos: Lexical gaps and idioms in machine translation. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.2, pp. 330-335. [PDF, 583KB]

(1990) Ami Segal: Machine translation of natural languages: the TOVNA MTS solution: a learning system.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 83-109. [PDF, 310KB]

(1990) Anand Syea: The EUROTRA machine translation system. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 12pp. [PDF, 38KB]

(1990) Gr.Thurmair: METAL: computer integrated translation. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 19pp. [PDF, 169KB]

(1990) Taijiro Tsutsumi: Wide-range restructuring of intermediate representations in machine translation. Computational Linguistics 16 (2), pp. 71-78. [PDF, 764KB]

(1990) Gertjan van Noord, Joke Dorrepaal, Pim van der Eijk, Maria Florenza,& Louis des Tombe: The MiMo2 research system. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.213-233. [PDF, 245KB]

(1990) Zaharin Yusoff: Generation of synthesis programs in ROBRA (ARIANE) from string-tree correspondence grammars (or a strategy for synthesis in machine translation. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.2, pp. 425-430. [PDF, 536KB]

Word-for-word approach

(1997) I.Dan Melamed: A word-to-word model of translational equivalence. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 490-497. [PDF, 718KB]