Machine Translation Archive

Index to methods, techniques, processes

Publications before 1970

For other periods go to: Publications since 2010; publications 2005-2009; publications 2000-2004; publications 1990-1999; publications 1970-1989

 

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Disambiguation (see also Word sense disambiguation)

(1969) István Bátori: Disambiguating verbs with multiple meaning in the MT-system of IBM Germany. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 31; 17pp. [PDF, 467KB]

(1965) Swaminathan Madhu & Dean W.Lytle: A figure of merit technique for the resolution of non-grammatical ambiguity. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.9-13 [PDF, 167KB]

(1963) Susumu Kuno & Anthony G.Oettinger: Syntactic structure and ambiguity of English. Proceedings of AFIPS 1963 Fall Joint computer Conference (New York: Spartan Books, 1963); vol.24, pp.397-418. [PDF, 308KB]

(1963) Victor H.Yngve: Automatic machine translation: potentialities for Braille encoding. Proceedings of the International Congress on Technology and Blindness (William Byrd Press, 1963), vol.I; pp.393-402. [PDF, 45KB]

(1961) M.Corbé & R.Tabory: Introduction to an automatic English syntax (by fragmentation). 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.616-652. [PDF, 138KB] [discussion]

 (1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic machine addressing in automatic translation.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF, 132KB] [discussion]

(1961) Irina Lynch: Russian –СЯ verbs, impersonally used verbs and subject/object ambiguities. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.478-502. [PDF, 200KB] [discussion]

(1960) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: A demonstration of the nonfeasibility of fully automatic high quality translation. Appendix III of ‘The present status of automatic translation of languages’. Reprinted in: Y.Bar-Hillel, Language and information (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1964), 174-179.[PDF, 89KB]

(1960) Harry H.Josselson: Research in machine translation [at Wayne State University]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.160-172. [PDF, 133KB]

(1960) Ariadne W.Lukjanow: Semantic classification. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.394-397. [PDF, 64KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: The solution of MT linguistic problems through lexicography. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.312-316. [PDF, 63KB]

(1960) Don R.Swanson: The nature of multiple meaning. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.386-393. [PDF, 83KB]

 (1959) L.E.Dostert: Approaches to the reduction of ambiguity in machine translation. Journal of the SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) 68 (4), April 1959; pp.234-235. [PDF, 212KB]

 (1959) F.H.Ellis: Human translateability test. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix I] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1959;  2 pp. [PDF, 10KB]

(1959) R.M.Needham & A.F.Parker-Rhodes: This question of lattice theory. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML89] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF, 46KB]

(1959) C.Wordley: Establishing the contextual meaning of words. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix II] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959;   6pp. [PDF, 47KB]

(1958) R.H.Richens: Tigris and Euphrates – a comparison between human and machine translation. Mechanisation of thought processes: Proceedings of a symposium held at the National Physical Laboratory on 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th November 1958 (London: HMSO, 1959); pp.281-307 [including discussion by Bar-Hillel]. [PDF, 105KB]

(1957) Roderick Gould: Multiple correspondence, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 14-27 and 43 [PDF, 218KB]

(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Semantic ambiguity, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 68-69 [PDF, 93KB]

(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual analysis, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 70-75 [PDF, 159KB]

 (1957) Andreas Koutsoudas & Assya Humecky: Ambiguity of syntactic function resolved by linear context. Word 13 (3), December 1957; pp.403-414. [PDF, 235KB]

(1957) M.M.Masterman: The thesaurus in syntax and semantics, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 35-43 [PDF, 156KB]

(1957) Paul Pimsleur: Semantic frequency counts, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 11-13 [PDF, 111KB]

(1956) A.F. Parker-Rhodes: Author’s reply to discussion on ‘the computer in a non-arithmetic role’ at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); p.475. [PDF, 19KB]

(1956) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual analysis in word-for-word MT. Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 40-41 [PDF, 77KB]

(1956) David G. Hays: A projected study of semantic ambiguity. Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation: September 24, 1956; 2pp. [PDF, 14KB]

(1956) A. Koutsoudas & R. Korfhage: Mechanical translation and the problem of multiple meaning. Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 46-51 [PDF, 225KB]

(1956) G.M.E.Williams: [contribution to] Discussion on ‘the computer in a non-arithmetic role’ at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); p.474. [PDF, 19KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: Terminology in the light of research on mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.128-132. [PDF, 40KB]

(1955) Leon E.Dostert: The Georgetown-I.B.M. experiment. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 124-135.

(1955) Erwin Reifler: The mechanical determination of meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 136-164.

(1955) Victor H.Yngve: Syntax and the problem of multiple meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 208-226.

(1955) Abraham Kaplan: An experimental study of ambiguity and context. Mechanical Translation 2 (2), November 1955; pp. 39-46 [PDF, 164KB] [Original: RAND Corporation, November 1950 [note]]

Generation

(1969) G.Salton: Automatic processing of foreign language documents. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 4; 29pp. [PDF, 755KB]

(1968) P.W.Culicover: Paraphrase generation and information retrieval from stored text. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 78-88 [PDF, 225KB]

(1967) Kenneth E.Harper: Syntactic and semantic problems in automatic sentence generation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 9pp. [PDF, 475KB]

(1966) Jocelyn Brewer: English article insertion. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1966; pp.83-96 [PDF, 263KB]

(1965) Sheldon Klein: Automatic paraphrasing in essay format. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.68-83 [PDF, 301KB]

(1965) Toshiyuki Sakai & Makoto Nagao: Sentence generation by semantic concordance. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 21pp. [PDF, 1020KB]

(1965) Petr Sgall: Generation, production, and translation.  Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 16pp. [PDF, 90KB]

(1964) Ben K.T’sou: Sample sentences generated by computer [paper with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.18-30.

(1963) H.P. Edmundson: The behavior of English articles. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35

(1963) Sheldon Klein & Robert F. Simmons: Syntactic dependence and the computer generation of coherent discourse.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.50-61 [PDF, 248KB]

(1963) Arnold C. Satterthwait: Computational research in Arabic.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.62-70 [PDF, 224KB]

(1963) Victor H. Yngve: On the order of clauses. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.42

 (1961) J.J.Viertel: English and German grammars. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.209.

(1961) Victor H. Yngve: Random generation of English sentences. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.66-80. [PDF, 146KB] [discussion]

(1959) V.H.Yngve: A model and a hypothesis for language structure. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1959; p.157. [PDF, 19KB]

(1957) R.B.Lees: Generation of nominal compounds in English. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1957; pp.131-132. [PDF, 27KB]

Lexical transfer

(1969) István Bátori: Disambiguating verbs with multiple meaning in the MT-system of IBM Germany. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 31; 17pp. [PDF, 467KB]

(1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic machine addressing in automatic translation.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF, 132KB] [discussion]

(1961) Irina Lynch: Russian –СЯ verbs, impersonally used verbs and subject/object ambiguities. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.478-502. [PDF, 200KB] [discussion]

(1957) Gilbert W.King: The requirements of lexical storage.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.79-87. [PDF, 48KB]

Morphological analysis (see also Tagging)

(1968) Julie Beth Lovins: Development of a stemming algorithm. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 22-31 [PDF, 297KB]

(1968) David Woodhouse: A note on the translation of Swahili into English. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 75-77 [PDF, 134KB]

(1967) Lois L.Earl: Automatic determination of parts of speech of English words.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp.53-67 [PDF, 583KB]

(1967) Victor H.Yngve: MT at M.I.T. 1965. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.451-523.

(1966) Lois L. Earl: Part-of-speech implications of affixes. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.38-43 [PDF, 208KB]

(1966) Lois L. Earl: Structural definition of affixes from multisyllable words. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.34-37 [PDF, 171KB]

(1966) P.H.Matthews: A procedure for morphological encoding. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.15-21 [PDF, 210KB]

 (1966) Milos Pacak: Computational morphology. TA Informations 1966, pt.1; pp.25-36. [PDF, 236KB]

(1966) H.L.Resnikoff & J.L.Dolby: The nature of affixing in written English, part II. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.23-33 [PDF, 387KB]

(1965) Leroy F.Meyers: Morphological classification in the National Bureau of Standards mechanical translation system. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery,12 (4), October 1965; pp.437-472. [PDF, 430KB]

(1965) H.L.Resnikoff & J.L.Dolby: The nature of affixing in written English. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.84-89 [PDF, 173KB]

(1965) D.Varga: Syntactic analysis in the case of highly inflected languages. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 21pp. [PDF, 792KB]

(1964) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages: comparative morphosyntactic analysis. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.11-14 [PDF, 153KB]

(1963) J.L.Dolby & H.L.Resnikoff: The graphic structure of word-breaking. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.34-35

(1963) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages—comparative morphosyntactic research. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.40-41

(1963) Arnold C. Satterthwait: Computational research in Arabic.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.62-70 [PDF, 224KB]

(1963) John H. Wahlgren: Derivational suffixes in Russian general vocabulary and in chemical nomenclature. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.42

(1962) A.F.R.Brown: Automatic translation of languages. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 27-54. [PDF, 201KB]

(1962) David G.Hays: An introduction to computational procedures in linguistic research. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 139-165. [PDF, 211KB]

 (1962) Ida Rhodes & Franz L.Alt: The hindsight technique in machine translation of natural languages. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards – B. Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Vol.66B, no.2, April-June 1962; pp.47-51. [PDF, 6861KB]

 (1961) D.W.Davies & A.M.Day: A technique for consistent splitting of Russian words. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.344-362. [PDF, 131KB]

(1961) J.McDaniel & S.Whelan: The grammatical interpretation of Russian inflected forms using a stem dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.364-377. [PDF, 123KB]  [discussion]

(1961) Lew R.Micklesen: Source-language specification with table lookup and high-capacity dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 318-340. [PDF, 193KB] [discussion]

(1961) Milos Pacak & Antonina Boldyreff: The morphological abstraction of Russian verbs.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.51-62. [PDF, 209KB]

(1960) William D.Foust: Automatic English inflection. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of Ca lifornia, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.229-233. [PDF, 56KB]

 (1959) Milos Pacak: Morphology in terms of mechanical translation.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machi ne Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.881-885. [PDF, 60KB]

(1958) T.M.Nikolaeva: Soviet developments in machine translation: Russian sentence analysis, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 51-59 [PDF, 172KB]

 (1957) Andrew D.Booth: Mechanical translations. Aslib Proceedings; 9 (6), June 1957. [PDF, 119KB]

(1957) Paul L.Garvin: Linguistic analysis and translation analysis.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.19-38. [PDF, 194KB]

(1957) R.H.Richens & M.A.K.Halliday: Word decomposition for machine translation.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.71-78. [PDF, 38KB]

(1956) L. Brandwood: Mechanical translation of French, Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp. 52-61 [PDF, 164KB]

(1956) L.Brandwood: The translation of a foreign language by machine.  Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.111-118. [PDF, 72KB]

(1955) William E.Bull, Charles Africa, & Daniel Teichroew: Some problems of the “word”. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 86-103.

(1955) Leon E.Dostert: The Georgetown-I.B.M. experiment. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 124-135.

 (1955) Kenneth E.Harper: A preliminary study of Russian. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 66-85.

(1955) Anthony G.Oettinger: The design of an automatic Russian-English technical dictionary. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 47-65.

(1955) Erwin Reifler: Mechanical determination of the constituents of German substantive compounds Mechanical Translation 2 (1), July 1955; pp. 3-14 [PDF, 224KB] [Revised version of his Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.7, September 1952]

(1955) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 24-46.

 (1953) Kenneth E.Harper: The mechanical translation of Russian: a preliminary study. Modern Language Forum 38 (3/4), September-December 1953; pp.12-29. [PDF, 89KB]

(1952) R.H.Richens & A.D.Booth: Some methods of mechanized translation. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 15pp. [PDF, 178KB]

Post-editing (see also Translation revision)

(1967) Kathleen H.V.Booth: Machine aided translation with a post-editor. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.51-76.

(1961) H.P.Edmundson, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, & B.J.Scott: Studies in machine translation—8: Manual for postediting Russian text.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.63-71. [PDF, 240KB]

(1961) Vincent E. Giuliano: A formula finder for the automatic synthesis of translation algorithms.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.11-24. [PDF, 343KB]

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: The logic of automatic formula synthesis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.462-471. [PDF, 100KB]

(1960) Session 9: Semantic resolution. Questions and discussion [by J.Applegate, E.W.Cannon, L.Dostert, P.L.Garvin, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, S.M.Lamb, R.Manly, A.G.Oettinger, V.Oswald, E.Reifler, I.Rhodes, R.See, D.R.Swanson.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.422-435. [PDF, 113KB]

(1959) V.E.Giuliano & A.G.Oettinger: Research on automatic translation at the Harvard Computation Laboratory. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.163-183. [PDF, 391KB]

(1955) Erwin Reifler: The mechanical determination of meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 136-164.

Pre-editing (see also Controlled languages)

(1969) A.J.Szanser: Automatic error-correction in natural languages. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 7; 9pp. [PDF, 350KB]

(1955) Erwin Reifler: The mechanical determination of meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 136-164.

(1952) Erwin Reifler: Mechanical translation with a pre-editor, and writing for MT Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Studies on Mechanical Translation, no.3) [PDF, 110KB]

Reversibility

 (1967) Gerhard Engelien: Programming of reversible systems in computational linguistics. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 5pp. [PDF, 227KB]

Segmentation

(1963) Sydney M.Lamb: Machine-aided translation. Berkeley: University of California, Sept.1963; 6pp. [PDF, 27KB]

 (1962) Ida Rhodes & Franz L.Alt: The hindsight technique in machine translation of natural languages. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards – B. Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Vol.66B, no.2, April-June 1962; pp.47-51. [PDF, 6861KB]

(1961) M.Corbé & R.Tabory: Introduction to an automatic English syntax (by fragmentation). 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.616-652. [PDF, 138KB] [discussion]

 (1961) D.W.Davies & A.M.Day: A technique for consistent splitting of Russian words. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.344-362. [PDF, 131KB]

(1961) Susumu Kuno: A preliminary approach to Japanese-English automatic translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.8-23. [PDF, 150KB] [discussion]

(1961) J.McDaniel & S.Whelan: The grammatical interpretation of Russian inflected forms using a stem dictionary. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.364-377. [PDF, 123KB]  [discussion]

(1961) Gerard Salton & R.W.Thorpe: An approach to the segmentation problem in speech analysis and language translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.704-724. [PDF, 130KB]

(1960) Sydney M.Lamb: Segmentation. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.335-342. [PDF, 63KB]

(1957) R.H.Richens & M.A.K.Halliday: Word decomposition for machine translation.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.71-78. [PDF, 38KB]

(1953) Erwin Reifler: Elimination and mechanical determination of forms with dual nationality (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.9). 11pp. [PDF, 38KB]

Semantic analysis and representation (see also Disambiguation)

(1969) Ernst von Glasersfeld: Semantics and the syntactic classification of words. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 22; 21pp. [PDF, 631KB]

(1969) L.W.Tosh: Translation model with semantic capability. Linguistics 55; pp.58-69. [PDF, 156KB]

(1969) Yorick Wilks: Interactive semantic analysis of English paragraphs. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 8; 33pp. [PDF, 1187KB]

(1968) Margaret Masterman: Semantic algorithms. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.253-280 [with commentary by the editor.]

(1968) Robert F. Simmons & John F. Burger: A semantic analyzer for English sentences. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 1-13 [PDF, 287KB]

(1968) Yorick Wilks: On-line semantic analysis of English texts. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 59-72 [PDF, 243KB]

(1967) Kenneth E.Harper: Syntactic and semantic problems in automatic sentence generation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 9pp. [PDF, 475KB]

(1967) O.S.Kulagina & I.A.Mel’čuk: Automatic translation: some theoretical aspects and the design of a translation system. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.137-171.

(1967) Klaus Günther Schweisthal: Semantically governed machine translation of BE-clauses with adverbs and prepositional phrases. Demonstration of a ring-model for German/English, English/German including analysis-synthesis, transformation, transition, and generation.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 11 pp. [PDF, 412KB]

(1965) Karel Čulík: Machine translation and connectedness between phrases. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 28pp. [PDF, 1217KB]

(1965) Kenneth E. Harper: Measurement of similarity between nouns. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 23pp. [PDF, 769KB]

(1965) Toshiyuki Sakai & Makoto Nagao: Sentence generation by semantic concordance. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 21pp. [PDF, 1020KB]

(1965)  R.M.Needham: Semantic problems of machine translation. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.65-69. [PDF, 47KB]

(1965) K. Sparck Jones: Experiments in semantic classification. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.97-112 [PDF, 263KB]

(1965) M. Zarechnak: An applied radical semantics. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.90-96 [PDF, 179KB]

 (1964) Margaret Masterman: The semantic basis of human communication. Arena 19, 1964; pp.18-45. [PDF, 429KB]

 (1964) Gy. Sipőczy: Some semantic aspects of the machine translation from Russian into Hungarian. Computational Linguistics (Hungary) 2 (1964); pp.159-177. [PDF, 426KB]

(1964) James H. White: The methodology of sememic analysis with special application to the English preposition. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.15-31 [PDF, 255KB]

(1964) Victor H.Yngve: Implications of mechanical translation research. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol.108, no.4, 1964; pp.275-281. [PDF, 75KB]

(1963) Elinor K.Charney: Sentence-meaning and word-meaning. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.176-180. [PDF, 25KB]

(1963) Elinor K. Charney: Word-meaning and sentence-meaning. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.34

(1963) Jared L. Darlington: Translating ordinary language into symbolic logic. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.34

(1963) Margaret Masterman: Commentary on the Guberina hypothesis. Methodos: Linguaggio e Cibernetica 15 (57-58), 1963; pp.139-168. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.227-252.

(1963) I.A.Mel’chuk: Several types of linguistic meanings. Chapter III in: O.S.Akhmanova, I.A.Mel’chuk, R.M.Frumkina, E.V.Paducheva, Exact methods in linguistic research. Translated from the Russian by David G.Hays and Dolores V.Mohr (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963); pp.36-43, 74-79 [PDF, 166KB]

(1963) Bertram Raphael: A computer representation for semantic information. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.41

(1962) Silvio Ceccato: Automatic translation of languages. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 55-108 . [PDF, 370KB]

(1962) L.B.Doyle: Statistical semantics. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.335-336. [PDF]

 (1962) Ernst von Glasersfeld: First draft of an English input procedure for mechanical translation. Methodos 14 (54), 1962; pp.47-79. [PDF, 206KB]

(1962) M.Kay: Rules of interpretation – an approach to the problem of computation in the semantics of natural language. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.318-321. [PDF, 147KB]

(1962) A.G.Oettinger: The boundary between syntax and semantics. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); p.333. [PDF]

(1962) Ross Quillian: A revised design for an understanding machine.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.1, July 1962; pp.17-29 [PDF, 201KB]

(1962) M.E.Sherry: Syntactic problems in semantic analysis. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.336-337. [PDF]

(1962) Wayne Tosh: Content recognition and the production of synonymous expressions. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.722-729 [PDF, 108KB]

(1961) Silvio Ceccato & Bruna Zonta: Human translation and translation by machine, 1. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 222-246. [PDF, 76KB] [discussion]

(1961) Elinor K.Charney: On the semantical interpretation of linguistic entities that function structurally. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.544-556. [PDF, 76KB] [discussion]

(1961) Elinor Charney: Semantics.  In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.209-211.

(1961) E.von Glasersfeld, Sergei Perschke, & Elsa Samet: Human translation and translation by machine II. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.508-528. [PDF, 106KB] [discussion]

(1961)  D.Lieberman: Evaluation. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.211-212.

(1961) Margaret Masterman: Semantic message detection for machine translation, using an interlingua.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.438-474. [PDF, 109KB] [discussion]

 (1961) Margaret Masterman & W.Haas: Translation. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 1961; pp.169-216. [PDF, 869KB]; Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.187-223 [with editor’s commentary]

(1961) K. Sparck Jones: Mechanised semantic classification. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.418-433. [PDF, 123КB] [discussion]

(1960) Silvio Ceccato: Thought as the basis of mechanical translation and summarising. Colloque sur la coopération en matière de Documentation et d’Information Scientifiques et Techniques, Milan, 30 novembre – 3 décembre 1960 sous le patronage de la Fédération des Associations scienitfiques et techniques de Milan. Milano: Centro di Cibernetica e di Attività Linguistiche, [1960]. [PDF, 507KB]

 (1960) D.Ellson: University of Indiana presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; p.22.

(1960) Ariadne W.Lukjanow: Semantic classification. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.394-397. [PDF, 64KB]

 (1960) M.Masterman & R.Needham: Cambridge Language Research Unit presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.10-12.

 (1960) M.Masterman (chair): Informal session. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; p.25.

(1960) Lew R.Micklesen: An experiment in the automatic selection or rejection of technical terms. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.398-408. [PDF, 135KB]

(1960) Victor Oswald: Introduction [to Session 8: Semantic resolution.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.384-385. [PDF, 40KB]

 (1960) Erwin Reifler: Machine language translation. II. The fundamental problems. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.21-33. [PDF, 449KB]

(1960) Don R.Swanson: The nature of multiple meaning. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.386-393. [PDF, 83KB]

 (1960) Session 4: Methodology [contributions by A.F.R.Brown, L.Dostert, H.P.Edmundson, V.Giuliano, R.M.Hayes, D.G.Hays, H.H.Josselson, G.W.King, S.M.Lamb, A.W.Lukjanow, A.G.Oettinger, E.Reifler, R.See, D.R.Swanson, S.N.Werbow, V.H.Yngve, and M.Zarechnak]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.195-218. [PDF, 108KB]

 (1960) Session 9: Semantic resolution. Questions and discussion [by J.Applegate, E.W.Cannon, L.Dostert, P.L.Garvin, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, S.M.Lamb, R.Manly, A.G.Oettinger, V.Oswald, E.Reifler, I.Rhodes, R.See, D.R.Swanson.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.422-435. [PDF, 113KB]

(1959) V.V.Ivanov: Linguistic problems in the design of a machine language for the information machine.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.1075-1090. [PDF, 147KB]

 (1958) R.H.Richens: Tigris and Euphrates – a comparison between human and machine translation. Mechanisation of thought processes: Proceedings of a symposium held at the National Physical Laboratory on 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th November 1958 (London: HMSO, 1959); pp.281-307 [including discussion by Bar-Hillel]. [PDF, 105KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Classification, concept-formation and language. Presented at the Fourth Annual Conference of the British Society for the Philosophy of Science, September 1959. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.57-80.

 (1959) Margaret Masterman: What is a thesaurus? In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML90] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1st June 1959; 80pp. [PDF, 342KB]. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.107-145.

(1957) M.A.K.Halliday: Report on the work in MT by the Cambridge Language Research Group, Cambridge, England. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.527-533.

(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Semantic ambiguity, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 68-69 [PDF, 93KB]

(1957) Kenneth E. Harper: Contextual analysis, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 70-75 [PDF, 159KB]

(1957) Martin Joos: Meaning in relation to MT. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.13-18. [PDF, 131KB]

(1957) M.M.Masterman: The thesaurus in syntax and semantics, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 35-43 [PDF, 156KB]

(1957) Panel I: Systems of logic in machine translation – discussion [by Leon Dostert, Martin Joos, Paul Garvin, Michael Zarechnak, Herbert Paper, Alo Raun, Carleton Hodge.] Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.45-49. [PDF, 83KB]

 (1956) Paul L.Garvin: Some linguistic problems in machine translation. In: Morris Halle, Horace G.Lunt, Hugh McLean, Cornelis H.van Schooneveld (eds.) For Roman Jakobson: essays on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, 11 October 1956. (The Hague: Mouton, 1956); pp.180-186. [PDF, 79KB]

(1956) M.V.Heberden: Teaching the machine grammar.  Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.119-124. [PDF, 68KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: Terminology in the light of research on mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.128-132. [PDF, 40KB]

(1955) Erwin Reifler: The mechanical determination of meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 136-164.

 (1954) Margaret Masterman (Braithwaite): Words. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 1954; pp.209-231. [PDF, 530KB] Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.21-38.

(1952) Victor A. Oswald: Microsemantics. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 95KB]

(1950) Erwin Reifler: MT (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.1) 51pp. [January 10, 1950.] [PDF of original typescript, 1250KB]

Speech recognition

(1963) Joseph Jaffe: Simultaneous computation of lexical and extralinguistic information measures in dialogue. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.37

(1961) Gerard Salton & R.W.Thorpe: An approach to the segmentation problem in speech analysis and language translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.704-724. [PDF, 130KB]

(1959) Andrew D. Booth: The current status of direct input in Great Britain.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.887-893. [PDF, 42KB]

(1957) William N.Locke: [contributions to] Discussion [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.521-523.

(1955) W.N.Locke: Speech input. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 104-118.

Syntactic analysis and representation

(1969) Ching-Yi Dougherty: A pragmatic approach to machine translation from Chinese to English. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 38; 16pp. [PDF, 346KB]

(1969) Pier Paolo Pisani: Organization and programming of the multistore parser. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 25; 24pp. [PDF, 610KB]

 (1968) Paul L.Garvin: The place of heuristics in the fulcrum approach to machine translation. Lingua 21 (1968); pp.162-182. [PDF, 166KB]

 (1968) Harry H.Josselson: Research in machine translation Russian→English: ten-year summary report 1958-1968. Department of the Navy Office of Naval Research, May 1968; 14pp. [PDF, 40KB]

(1968) Sergei Perschke: Machine translation—the second phase of development. Endeavour, vol.27; pp.97-100. [PDF, 76KB]

(1968) Itiroo Sakai: Some mathematical aspects of syntactic description. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 32-57 [PDF, 1580KB]

(1968) D. Kathryn Weintraub: The English relative clause. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 89-102 [PDF, 253KB]

(1967) Y.Bar-Hillel, A.Kasher, & E.Shamir: Measures of syntactic complexity. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.29-49.

(1967) Paul L.Garvin: The fulcrum syntactic analyzer for Russian. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 421KB]

(1967) James Gough, Jr.: On the German locative: a study in symbols. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp. 68-84 [PDF, 339KB]

(1967) Martin Kay: Experiments with a powerful parser.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 21pp. [PDF, 844KB]

(1967) J.McDaniel, W.L.Price, A.J.M.Szanser, & D.M.Yates: An evaluation of the usefulness of machine translations produced at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, with a summary of the translation methods. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 18pp. [PDF, 752KB]

(1967) W.J.Plath: Multiple-path analysis and automatic translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.267-315.

(1967) Ida Rhodes: The importance of the glossary storage in machine translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.429-449.

(1967) David Shillan: Segmenting natural language by articulatory features. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 11pp. [PDF, 448KB]

(1967) D.M.Yates: A computer model for Russian grammatical description, and a method of English synthesis in machine translation.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 407KB]

(1966) Paul L. Garvin: Some comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.2-3 [PDF, 106KB]

 (1966) Susumu Kuno: The augmented predictive analyzer for context-free languages – its relative efficiency. Communications of the ACM 9 (11), November 1966; pp.810-823. [note]

(1966) Jane  Robinson: Endocentric constructions and the Cocke parsing logic. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.4-9 [PDF, 195KB]

 (1966) A.J.Szanser: Machine translation research at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington. The Incorporated Linguist 5 (4), October 1966; pp.102-109. [PDF, 171KB]

(1966) B. Vauquois, G. Veillon & J. Veyrunes: Syntax and interpretation.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.44-54 [PDF, 339KB]

(1965) Karel Čulík: Machine translation and connectedness between phrases. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 28pp. [PDF, 1217KB]

(1965) Paul L. Garvin: Some comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages.  Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 8pp. [PDF, 272KB]

(1965) Susumu Kuno: The predictive analyzer and a path elimination technique. Communications of the ACM 8 (7), July 1965; pp.453-462. [note]

(1965) Susumu Kuno: A system for transformational analysis. Coling 1965: International Conference on Commputational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 48pp. [PDF, 1651KB]

(1965) A.G. Oettinger: Automatic processing of natural and formal languages. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.9-16. [PDF, 137KB]

(1965) D.Varga: Syntactic analysis in the case of highly inflected languages. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 21pp. [PDF, 792KB]

(1964) Kenneth E. Harper: The position of prepositional phrases in Russian. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.5-10 [PDF, 166KB]

(1964) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.32-51 [PDF, 359KB]

(1964) Milos Pacak: Slavic languages: comparative morphosyntactic analysis. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.11-14 [PDF, 153KB]

(1964) Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts. 198pp. [PDF, 2743KB]

(1963) C.G.Borkowski & L.R.Micklesen: Generative processes for Russian impersonal sentences. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

(1963) Ching-yi Dougherty: Writing of Chinese recognition grammar for machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35

(1963) E.R.Gammon: On representing syntactic structure. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35

 (1963) Paul L.Garvin: Syntax in machine translation. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.223-232. [60KB]

(1963) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36-37

(1963) Lydia Hirschberg: Punctuation and automatic syntatic analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.37

(1963) Walter Hoffman, Amelia Janiotis, & Sidney Simon: Application of decision tables to syntactic analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.37

(1963) Susumu Kuno: Sentence structure diagrams. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39

(1963) Susumu Kuno & Anthony G.Oettinger: Syntactic structure and ambiguity of English. Proceedings of AFIPS 1963 Fall Joint computer Conference (New York: Spartan Books, 1963); vol.24, pp.397-418. [PDF, 308KB]

(1963) D. Lieberman: A procedure for automatic sentence structure analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39

(1963) Anthony G.Oettinger: The state of the art of automatic language translation: an appraisal. Beiträge zur Sprachkunde und Inf ormationsverarbeitung, vol.2 (1963), 17-29. [PDF, 106KB]

(1963) A.Opler, R.Silverstone, Y.Saleh, M.Hildebran, & I.Slutzky: The application of table processing concepts to the Sakai translation technique. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.40

(1963) Warren J. Plath: Path economization in exhaustive left-to-right syntactic analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.41

(1962) A.F.R.Brown: Automatic translation of languages. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 27-54. [PDF, 201KB]

 (1962) Ernst von Glasersfeld: First draft of an English input procedure for mechanical translation. Methodos 14 (54), 1962; pp.47-79. [PDF, 206KB]

(1962) D.G.Hays: Exhaustive parsing procedures. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.330-331. [PDF]

(1962) David G.Hays: An introduction to computational procedures in linguistic research. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 139-165. [PDF, 211KB]

(1962) M.Kay: A parsing procedure. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.328-329. [PDF]

(1962) K.C.Knowlton: Sentence parsing with a self-organizing heuristic program. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1962; pp.167-168. [PDF,  59KB]

(1962) S.Kuno & A.G.Oettinger: Multiple-path syntactic analyzer. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.306-311. [PDF, 267KB]

(1962) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Syntax. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 167-203. [PDF, 212KB]

(1962) W.K.Percival: German word order rules. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1962; pp.168-171. [PDF, 61KB]

 (1962) Ida Rhodes & Franz L.Alt: Hindsight technique in machine translation of natural languages. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards – B. Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Vol.66B, no.2, April-June 1962; pp.47-51. [PDF, 6861KB]

(1962) Ida Rhodes: Syntactic integration carried out mechanically. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 205-209. [PDF, 38KB]

(1962) Naomi Sager: A procedure for syntactic analysis. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.334-335. [PDF]

(1962) H.Schnelle: The programming of grammar. In: Symposium on Modern Techniques of Language Translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.329-330. [PDF]

(1962) M.E.Sherry: Syntactic problems in semantic analysis. In: Panel on Semantics and Syntactics. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.336-337. [PDF]

(1962) Victor H.Yngve: Computer programs for translation. Scientific American, vol.206, no.6, June 1962; pp. 68-76. [PDF, 1161KB]

(1961) Franz L. Alt & Ida Rhodes: Recognition of clauses and phrases in machine translation of languages. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 126-142. [PDF, 124KB] [discussion]

(1961) M.Corbé & R.Tabory: Introduction to an automatic English syntax (by fragmentation). 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.616-652. [PDF, 138KB] [discussion]

(1961) William D. Foust & Julia R. Walkling: A preliminary structural transfer system. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 196-206. [PDF, 111KB] [discussion]

(1961) K.E.Harper: Procedures for the determination of distributional classes. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.688-698. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]

 (1961) David G. Hays: On the value of dependency connection. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.578-590. [PDF, 68KB] [discussion]

(1961) E.S.Klima: Comparative syntax. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.206-207.

(1961) Olga S. Kulagina: Report on “Construction of a textual analysis algorithm with the aid of a computing machine”. [with] Discussion [by D.W.Davies]. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.613-614. [PDF, 63KB]

(1961) Susumu Kuno: A preliminary approach to Japanese-English automatic translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.8-23. [PDF, 150KB] [discussion]

 (1961) Sydney M. Lamb: On the mechanization of syntactic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.674-684. [PDF, 37KB] [discussion]

 (1961) G.H.Matthews: Analysis by synthesis of sentences of natural languages. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.532-540. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]

(1961) G.H.Matthews: Recognition routine. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.205-206.

(1961) Anthony G. Oettinger: Automatic syntactic analysis and the pushdown store. In: Structure of language and its mathematical aspects [ed. Roman Jakobson]. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, 1961. (Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, vol. XII); pp. 104-129.

 (1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes, R.McKinnon Wood, M.Kay & P.Bratley: The Cambridge Language Research Unit computer program for syntactic analysis (M.L.136). Repr. in: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part IV]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 45pp. [PDF, 197KB]

 (1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A general procedure for syntactic description (M.L.143). Repr. as The lattice properties of syntactic relations in an open language. In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part 1]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 16pp. [PDF, 53KB]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A new model of syntactic description. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.26-60. [PDF, 114KB] [discussion]

 (1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & M.Masterman: A new model of syntactic description (M.L.142). Repr. as The derivation of syntactic relations from a lattice model.  In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part II]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 29pp. [PDF, 106KB]

(1961) Warren Plath: Automatic sentence diagramming.  1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 176-191. [PDF, 103KB] [discussion]

(1961) Ida Rhodes: A new approach to the mechanical syntactic analysis of Russian.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.33-50. [PDF, 719KB]

(1961) Itiroo Sakai: Syntax in universal translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.594-608. [PDF, 55KB] [discussion]

(1961) Gerard Salton & R.W.Thorpe: An approach to the segmentation problem in speech analysis and language translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.704-724. [PDF, 130KB]

(1961) Murray E.Sherry: The identification of nested structures in predictive syntactic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 144-155. [PDF, 79KB] [discussion]

 (1961) K.Sparck Jones (ed.): The application of the Cambridge Language Research Unit model of syntactic description (M.L.145). Repr. as The relation between the theory and its application to programming syntactic analysis with a digital computer. In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part III]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 32pp. [PDF,  123KB]

 (1961) K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description [by] A.F.Parker-Rhodes and members of the Cambridge Language Research Unit (M.L.147.) Cambridge, July 1961.

(1961) Dean S.Worth: Transformation criteria for the classification of predicative genitive constructions in Russian. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.726-735. [PDF, 131KB]

(1961) V.H.Yngve: Syntactic phenomena. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.205

(1961) Michael Zarechnak: A fourth level of linguistic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 160-171. [PDF, 131KB] [discussion]

(1960) Joseph R.Applegate: Syntax of the German noun phrase. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.280-285. [PDF, 57KB]

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: Syntactic retrieval. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.286-292. [PDF, 66KB]

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: The logic of automatic formula synthesis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.462-471. [PDF, 100KB]

(1960) Kenneth Harper: Introduction [to Session 6: Syntax]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.256-257. [PDF, 52KB]

 (1960) Harry H.Josselson: Research in machine translation [at Wayne State University]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.160-172. [PDF, 133KB]

(1960) James W.Marchand: German syntax patterns. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.234-244. [PDF, 79KB]

(1960) Jules Mersel: Research in machine translation at Ramo-Wooldridge. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.26-38. [PDF, 96KB]

(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger & Murray E.Sherry: Current research on automatic translation at Harvard University and predictive syntactic analysis.  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.173-182. [PDF, 102KB]

(1960) Ida Rhodes: The National Bureau of Standards method of syntactic integration. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.39-44. [PDF, 74KB]

 (1960) Aristotelis D.Stathacopoulos: A possible application of electronic computers to the block analysis of Greek sentences. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.449-474. [PDF, 602KB]

(1960) Session 3: Current research. Questions and discussion [by H.P.Edmundson, Gleichman, D.G.Hays, H.H.Josselson, S.M.Lamb, G.H.Matthews, J.Mersel, A.G.Oettinger, E.Reifler, I.Rhodes, M.E.Sherry, L.C.Silvern, M.Zarechnak]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.183-192. [PDF, 86KB]

(1960) Session 6: Syntax. Questions and discussion [by J.R.Applegate, E.Bristol, A.F.R.Brown, H.P.Edmundson, P.L.Garvin, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, S.M.Lamb, L.R.Micklesen, M.E.Sherry, C.B.Tompkins, V.H.Yngve, M.Zarechnak.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.293-307. [PDF, 104KB]

 (1959) Y.Bar-Hillel: Decision procedures for structure in natural languages. Appendix III of “Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain.’ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, February 1959; 9pp. [PDF, 78KB]

(1959) Andrew D. Booth: Syntactic processing for machine translation and its implications for cost and speed.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.759-763. [PDF, 30KB]

(1959) P.L.Garvin: Syntactic information retrieval. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1959) Lila R.Gleitman: The isolation of elements for a grammatical description of language.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.823-830. [PDF, 100KB]

(1959) K.E.Harper & D.G.Hays: The use of machines in the construction of a grammar and computer program for structural analysis. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.188-194. [PDF, 129KB]

(1959) D.G.Hays: Introduction. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1959) H.Hiż: Steps toward grammatical recognition. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.811-822. [PDF, 586KB]

(1959) Aravind K.Joshi: Computation of syntactic structure.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.831-840. [PDF, 255KB]

 (1959) Lew R.Micklesen & Robert E.Wall: Logical programming research in the University of Washington machine translation project.  In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.853-866. [PDF, 140KB]

(1959) Ida Rhodes: The NBS translation method. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.218-219. [PDF]

 (1959) K.Spärck Jones: The possible use of decision procedures in mechanical translation. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML87] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), [1959]; 11pp. [PDF, 36KB]

(1959) D.R.Swanson: “Word block model” for Russian-English syntax. Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.219. [PDF]

 (1959) Michael Zarechnak: General analysis technique: a system of mechanical translation. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation, [1959]; 15pp. [PDF, 56KB]

(1959) Michael Zarechnak: Three levels of linguistic analysis in machine translation. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol.6, no.1; pp.24-32. [PDF, 142KB]

(1958) Leonard Brandwood: Some problems in the mechanical translation of German, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 60-66 [PDF, 142KB]

(1958) D.G.Hays: Order of subject and object in scientific Russian when other differentia are lacking, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 111-113 [PDF, 120KB]

 (1958) Joachim Lambek: The mathematics of sentence structure. American Mathematical Monthly 65: 154. [note]

(1958) G.H.Matthews & Syrell Rogovin: German sentence recognition, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 114-119 [PDF, 139KB]

(1958) T.M.Nikolaeva: Soviet developments in machine translation: Russian sentence analysis, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 51-59 [PDF, 172KB]

(1957) Paul L.Garvin: Linguistic analysis and translation analysis.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.19-38. [PDF, 194KB]

 (1957) Paul L.Garvin, Dorita Lochak, Madeleine Mathiot, & Christine Anne Montgomery: Report of group II of the GU project in MT research. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation (Seminar Work Paper M-73), 1957; 22pp. [PDF, 44KB]

 (1957) Andreas Koutsoudas & Assya Humecky: Ambiguity of syntactic function resolved by linear context. Word 13 (3), December 1957; pp.403-414. [PDF, 235KB]

(1957) R.B.Lees: Structural grammars, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 5-10 [PDF, 155KB]

(1957) Ilse Lehiste: Order of subject and predicate in scientific Russian, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 66-67 [PDF, 104KB]

(1957) W.P.Lehmann: Structure of noun phrases in German.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.125-133. [PDF, 160KB]

(1957) W.N.Locke & V.H.Yngve: Research in translation by machine at M.I.T. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.510-514.

(1957) M.M.Masterman: The thesaurus in syntax and semantics, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 35-43 [PDF, 156KB]

(1957) Aristotelis D.Stathacopoulos: Noun phrase analysis using the IBM 650 computer. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington, April 1957; pp.20-22. [PDF, 37KB]

(1957) Bjarne Ulvestad: Syntactical variants, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 28-34 [PDF, 164KB]

(1957) V.H.Yngve: A framework for syntactic translation, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 59-65 [PDF, 141KB]

(1957) Victor H.Yngve: The technical feasibility of translating languages by machine.  Communication and Electronics 28 (January 1957), 792-797. [PDF, 93KB]

(1957) Michael Zarechnak: Report on the work in MT at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.518-521.

(1957) M.M.Zarechnak: Types of Russian sentences.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.135-141. [PDF, 143KB]

(1957) Panel III: Scope of syntactic analysis in machine translation – discussion [by Victor Oswald, Dan Belmore, Paul Garvin, Hugo Mueller, W.P.Lehmann, Richard Thomas, N.A.Kirsch, Herbert Paper, Michael Zarechnak, Leon Dostert, Martin Joos, Victor Yngve, Jane Pyne, R.A.Crossland, William Austin, Gilbert King].  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.167-177. [PDF, 96KB]

(1956) J. R. Applegate: Structure of the German noun phrase. [Presentation at International Conference on Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956]; 4 pp. [PDF, 19KB]

 (1956) Kenneth E. Harper: Summary of notes on syntactic problems (studies made in the Reports of the Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R.) Presentation at International Conference on Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956]; 5pp. [PDF, 26KB]

(1956) A.G.Oettinger: Structure identification in automatic translation. Presentation at International Conference on Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956; 2pp. [PDF, 38KB]

 (1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Application of the lattice syntax-programme to the translation of the Italian paragraph, shewing in detail its transformation from output I to output II. Appendix to paper by Margaret Masterman, The potentialites of a mechanical thesaurus. (ML 2). Cambridge: CLRU, October 1956; 11pp. [PDF, 92KB]

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: An electronic computer program for translating Chinese into English, Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; pp. 14-19 [PDF, 119KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: Gap analysis and syntax. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.IT-2, no.3 (1956); pp.106-112. [PDF, 80KB]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: The outlook for mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.99-101. [PDF, 31KB]

(1955) Leon E.Dostert: The Georgetown-I.B.M. experiment. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 124-135.

(1955) Luitgard Wundheiler & Alex Wundheiler: Some logical concepts for syntax. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 194-207.

(1955) Victor H.Yngve: Syntax and the problem of multiple meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 208-226.

(1955) V.H.Yngve: Syntactic categories. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1955; pp.93-95. [PDF, 51KB]

(1955) Victor H. Yngve: The translation of languages by machine [with discussion].  In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.195-203. [PDF, 75KB]

(1952) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Operational grammar Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 107KB]

(1951) Victor A. Oswald & Stuart L. Fletcher: Proposals for the mechanical resolution of German syntax patterns. Modern Language Forum 36 (3/4), 1952; pp. 1-24. [PDF, 186KB]

Syntactic transfer

(1969) A.V.Gladky & I.A.Mel’čuk: Tree grammars (Δ-grammars). Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 1; 10pp. [PDF, 285KB]

 (1968) L.W.Tosh: Initial results of syntactic translation at the Linguistics Research Center. Linguistics 42 (1968); pp.96-116. [note]

(1967) Kenneth E.Harper: Syntactic and semantic problems in automatic sentence generation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 9pp. [PDF, 475KB]

(1967) Steven I. Laszlo: The relevance of some compiler construction techniques to the description and translation of languages. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 424KB]

(1967) L.W.Tosh: Stratificational grammar and interlingual mapping for automatic translation. Actes du Xe Congrès International des Linguistes, Bucurest, 28 août – 2 septembre 1967 (Bucurest: Editions de l’Académie de la Rèpublique Socialiste de Roumanie, 1970; pp.1049-1059. [PDF, 131KB]

(1967) D.M.Yates: A computer model for Russian grammatical description, and a method of English synthesis in machine translation.  Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 407KB]

(1967) Victor H.Yngve: MT at M.I.T. 1965. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.451-523.

(1965) O.S.Kulagina: Algorithms of mechanical translation. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.59-64. [PDF, 159KB]

(1965) Arnold C. Satterthwait: Sentence-for-sentence translation: an example. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, no.2, February 1965; pp.14-38 [PDF, 603KB]

(1965) L.W.Tosh: Data preparation for syntactic translation.  Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 37pp. [PDF, 1270KB]

(1964) Victor H.Yngve: Implications of mechanical translation research. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol.108, no.4, 1964; pp.275-281. [PDF, 75KB]

(1963) Irene Bellert: Necessity of introducing some information provided by transformational analysis into MT algorithms. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

(1963) Edward S. Klima: Interlingual correspondences at the syntactic level. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.38

(1963) Victor H. Yngve: On the order of clauses. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.42

(1962) John S. Bross: Problems of equivalence in some German and English constructions.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.1, July 1962; pp.8-16 [PDF, 189KB]

(1962) E.S.Klima: Correspondence at the grammatical level.  Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1962; pp.212-229. [PDF, 105KB]

(1961) William D. Foust & Julia R. Walkling: A preliminary structural transfer system. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 196-206. [PDF, 111KB] [discussion]

(1961) Edward S. Klima: Structure at the lexical level and its implications for transfer grammar. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.98-108. [PDF, 29KB] [discussion]

(1959) Michael Zarechnak: Three levels of linguistic analysis in machine translation. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol.6, no.1; pp.24-32. [PDF, 142KB]

(1957) Jane A.Pyne: Some ideas on inter-structural syntax.  Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.143-149. [PDF, 106KB]

(1957) V.H.Yngve: Present status of the research. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1957; pp.131-132. [PDF, 24KB]

(1957) Michael Zarechnak: Report on the work in MT at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.518-521.

(1955) Victor H. Yngve: Sentence-for-sentence translation, Mechanical Translation 2 (2), November 1955; pp. 29-37 [PDF, 188KB]

Tagging

(1967) Lois L.Earl: Automatic determination of parts of speech of English words.  Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp.53-67 [PDF, 583KB]

(1966) Lois L. Earl: Part-of-speech implications of affixes. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.38-43 [PDF, 208KB]

(1965) A.Andreyewsky: Subclassification of parts of speech in Russian: verbs. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 11pp. [PDF, 468KB]

(1965) Kenneth E. Harper: Measurement of similarity between nouns. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 23pp. [PDF, 769KB]

(1965) E.D.Pendergraft & N.Dale: Automatic linguistic classification. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 37pp. [PDF, 1292KB]

Theoretical aspects (see also General methodology)

(1967) O.S.Kulagina & I.A.Mel’čuk: Automatic translation: some theoretical aspects and the design of a translation system. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.137-171.

(1965) Petr Sgall: Generation, production, and translation.  Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 16pp. [PDF, 90KB]

(1963) M.A.K.Halliday: Linguistics and machine translation. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung  15 (1963); pp.145-157. [PDF, 166KB]

(1963) Sydney M. Lamb: Linguistic structure and machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963.  Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39.

(1962) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Four lectures on algebraic linguistics and machine translation. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 1-26. [PDF, 244KB]

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: From model to procedure. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.367-370. [PDF, 50KB]

Word sense disambiguation

(1968) Yorick Wilks: On-line semantic analysis of English texts. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 59-72 [PDF, 243KB]

(1961) Amelia Janiotis & Harry H. Josselson: Multiple meaning in machine translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.406-414. [PDF,  92KB] [discussion]

 (1956) Gilbert W.King & Irving L.Wieselman: Stochastic methods of machine translation. [Los Angeles], International Telemeter Corporation, September 21, 1956; 10pp. [PDF, 33KB]