Index of linguistic features pre-1990

Machine Translation Archive

Index to linguistic categories, features, grammars and processes

Publications before 1970

For other periods go to: Publications since 2010; publications 2005-2009; publications 2000-2004; publications 1990-1999; publications 1970-1989

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Adjectives

(1963) Irene Bellert: Necessity of introducing some information provided by transformational analysis into MT algorithms. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33.

(1961) W.K.Percival: Syncategorematic adjectives. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.214.

Adverbs

(1967) Klaus Günther Schweisthal: Semantically governed machine translation of BE-clauses with adverbs and prepositional phrases. Demonstration of a ring-model for German/English, English/German including analysis-synthesis, transformation, transition, and generation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 11 pp. [PDF, 412KB]

Articles

(1966) Jocelyn Brewer: English article insertion. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1966; pp.83-96 [PDF, 263KB]

(1964) G.R.Martins: Preliminary report on the insertion of English articles in Russian-English MT output. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.2-4 [PDF, 121KB]

(1963) H.P. Edmundson: The behavior of English articles. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35

(1961) J. Barton: The application of the article in English. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.112-118. [PDF, 49KB] [discussion]

(1955) James W.Perry: A practical development problem. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 174-182.

Artificial languages

(1962) K.G.Sellin: Machine translation and/or an international language. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.323-324. [PDF, 83KB]

Braille

(1963) Victor H.Yngve: Automatic machine translation: potentialities for Braille encoding. Proceedings of the International Congress on Technology and Blindness (William Byrd Press, 1963), vol.I; pp.393-402. [PDF, 45KB]

(1955) John P. Cleave: Braille transcription. Mechanical Translation 2 (3), December 1955; pp. 50-53 [PDF, 129KB]

(1955) J.P.Cleave: A programme for Braille transcription [with discussion]. [PDF, 98KB]

Case grammar

(1961) W. Smoke & E. Dubinsky: A program for the machine translation of natural languages. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.2-10. [PDF, 233KB]

(1957) Ariadne W.Lukjanow: Statement of the proposed method for mechanical translation. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute of Languages & Linguistics Research Project in Machine Translation. (Seminar Work Paper: MT – 35), 1957; 13pp. [PDF, 118KB]

Categorial grammar

(1961) R.P.Mitchell: A note on categorical grammars. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 212-219. [PDF, 126KB] [discussion]

(1961) Itiroo Sakai: Syntax in universal translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.594-608. [PDF, 55KB] [discussion]

(1961) W. Smoke & E. Dubinsky: A program for the machine translation of natural languages. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.2-10. [PDF, 233KB]

(1959) Y.Bar-Hillel: Decision procedures for structure in natural languages. Appendix III of “Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain.’ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, February 1959; 9pp. [PDF, 78KB]

(1959) Y.Bar-Hillel: Some linguistic obstacles to machine translation. Appendix II of ‘Report on the state of machine translation in the United States and Great Britain.’ Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, February 1959; 10pp.[PDF, 84KB]

(1959) K.Spärck Jones: The possible use of decision procedures in mechanical translation. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML87] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), [1959]; 11pp. [PDF, 36KB]

(1952) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Operational grammar Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 107KB]

Context-free grammars

(1966) Susumu Kuno: The augmented predictive analyzer for context-free languages – its relative efficiency. Communications of the ACM 9 (11), November 1966; pp.810-823. [note]

(1965) Susumu Kuno: The predictive analyzer and a path elimination technique. Communications of the ACM 8 (7), July 1965; pp.453-462. [note]

(1962) Maurice Gross: On the equivalence of models of language used in the fields of mechanical translation and information retrieval. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 123-137. [PDF, 111KB]

Controlled languages

(1957) Simon M.Newman: Linguistics and information retrieval. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.103-111. [PDF, 43KB]

(1957) Panel II: Lexical problems in machine translation – discussion [by Victor Oswald, Gilbert King, Leon Dostert, Jack Rabinow, Paul Garvin, Simon Newman, Clyde Heasly, W.P.Lehmann, Jesse Mann, William Austin]. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.112-122. [PDF, 58KB]

(1955) Stuart C.Dodd: Model English. [Corrected reprint.] In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 165-173.

(1952) Stuart C. Dodd: Model English for mechanical translation: an example of a national language regularized for electronic translators. For the Conference on Mechanical Translation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, June 18-20, 1952; 6pp. [PDF, 84KB]

(1952) Erwin Reifler: Mechanical translation with a pre-editor, and writing for MT Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Studies on Mechanical Translation, no.3) [PDF, 110KB]

Correlational grammar

(1969) Ernst von Glasersfeld: Semantics and the syntactic classification of words. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 22; 21pp. [PDF, 631KB]

(1969) Pier Paolo Pisani: Organization and programming of the multistore parser. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 25; 24pp. [PDF, 610KB]

(1968) Sergei Perschke: Machine translation—the second phase of development. Endeavour, vol.27; pp.97-100. [PDF, 76KB]

(1967) Silvio Ceccato: Correlational analysis and mechanical translation. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.77-135.

(1962) Silvio Ceccato: Automatic translation of languages. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 55-108 . [PDF, 370KB]

(1962) Ernst von Glasersfeld: First draft of an English input procedure for mechanical translation. Methodos 14 (54), 1962; pp.47-79. [PDF, 206KB]

(1961) Silvio Ceccato & Bruna Zonta: Human translation and translation by machine, 1. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 222-246. [PDF, 76KB] [discussion]

(1961) E.von Glasersfeld, Sergei Perschke, & Elsa Samet: Human translation and translation by machine II. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.508-528. [PDF, 106KB] [discussion]

(1961) Sergei Perschke: Operational analysis of verbs. (Rapport CETIS no.24, August 1961); 19pp. [PDF, 390KB]

(1960) S.Ceccato: Centro di Cibernetica di Milano presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.13-14.

(1960) Silvio Ceccato: Thought as the basis of mechanical translation and summarising. Colloque sur la coopération en matière de Documentation et d’Information Scientifiques et Techniques, Milan, 30 novembre – 3 décembre 1960 sous le patronage de la Fédération des Associations scienitfiques et techniques de Milan. Milano: Centro di Cibernetica e di Attività Linguistiche, [1960]. [PDF, 507KB]

(1959) Enrico Albani, Silvio Ceccato, & Enrico Maretti: Classifications, rules, and code of an operational grammar for machine translation. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.693-753. [PDF, 402KB]

(1956) M.V.Heberden: Teaching the machine grammar. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.119-124. [PDF, 68KB]

(1955) Silvio Ceccato & Enrico Maretti: Suggestions for mechanical translation. In: Information theory: papers read at a symposium on ‘Information theory’ held at the Royal Institution, London, September 12th to 16th, 1955; edited by Colin Cherry, London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956; pp.171-180. [PDF, 62KB]

Cyrillic coding and transliteration

(1963) John Lyons: Coding the Russian alphabet for the purposes of mechanical translation. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.43-46 [PDF, 149KB]

(1958) Anthony G.Oettinger: An input device for the Harvard automatic dictionary, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 2-7 [PDF, 582KB]

(1957) B. Zacharov: A refinement in coding the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, Mechanical Translation 4 (3), December 1957; pp. 76-78 [PDF, 122KB]

Decipherment

(1965) W.P.Lehmann: Decoding of the Martian language. The Graduate Journal 7 (1), Winter 1965; pp.265-272. [PDF, 185KB]

(1948) Warren Weaver & W.Prager: [Correspondence on decipherment, March 1948.] [PDF, 62KB]

Dependency relations

(1967) Kenneth E.Harper: Syntactic and semantic problems in automatic sentence generation. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 9pp. [PDF, 475KB]

(1965) Sheldon Klein: Automatic paraphrasing in essay format. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.68-83 [PDF, 301KB]

(1965) D.Varga: Syntactic analysis in the case of highly inflected languages. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 21pp. [PDF, 792KB]

(1964) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.32-51 [PDF, 359KB]

(1964) David G.Hays: Dependency theory: a formalism and some observations. Language 40 (4), 1964; pp.511-525. [note]

(1963) David G. Hays: Connectability calculations, syntactic functions, and Russian syntax. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36-37

(1963) Sheldon Klein & Robert F. Simmons: Syntactic dependence and the computer generation of coherent discourse. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.50-61 [PDF, 248KB]

(1963) Sheldon Klein: Some experiments peformed with an automatic paraphraser. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.38

(1962) David G.Hays: An introduction to computational procedures in linguistic research. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 139-165. [PDF, 211KB]

(1961) H.P.Edmundson, K.E.Harper, D.G.Hays, & B.J.Scott: Studies in machine translation—8: Manual for postediting Russian text. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.63-71. [PDF, 240KB]

(1961) K.E.Harper: Procedures for the determination of distributional classes. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.688-698. [PDF, 35KB] [discussion]

(1961) David G. Hays: On the value of dependency connection. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.578-590. [PDF, 68KB] [discussion]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes, R.McKinnon Wood, M.Kay & P.Bratley: The Cambridge Language Research Unit computer program for syntactic analysis (M.L.136). Repr. in: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part IV]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 45pp. [PDF, 197KB]

(1960) Vincent E.Giuliano: The logic of automatic formula synthesis. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.462-471. [PDF, 100KB]

(1960) David G.Hays: Grouping and dependency theories. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.258-266. [PDF, 104KB]

(1959) K.E.Harper & D.G.Hays: The use of machines in the construction of a grammar and computer program for structural analysis. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); pp.188-194. [PDF, 129KB]

Dialogue

(1963) Joseph Jaffe: Simultaneous computation of lexical and extralinguistic information measures in dialogue. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.37

Discourse representation

(1961) Margaret Masterman: Semantic message detection for machine translation, using an interlingua. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.438-474. [PDF, 109KB] [discussion]

Grammar formalisms see also: Case grammar, Context-free grammar, Definite Clause Grammar, Fulcrum approach, Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar,Left Associative Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Meaning-text model, Montague grammar, Principles and parameters, Situation theory, Stratificational grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar, Transformational-generative grammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar, Unification grammar

(1969) A.V.Gladky & I.A.Mel’čuk: Tree grammars (Δ-grammars). Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 1; 10pp. [PDF, 285KB]

(1968) Itiroo Sakai: Some mathematical aspects of syntactic description. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 32-57 [PDF, 1580KB]

(1967) Y.Bar-Hillel, A.Kasher, & E.Shamir: Measures of syntactic complexity. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.29-49.

(1967) Steven I. Laszlo: The relevance of some compiler construction techniques to the description and translation of languages. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 10pp. [PDF, 424KB]

(1966) D.Konečná, P.Novák, & P.Sgall: Machine translation in Prague. Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics 1, 1966; pp.185-193. [PDF, 229KB]

(1966) Wayne A.Lea: The “spectrum” of weak generative powers of grammars. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.10-14 [PDF, 200KB]

(1966) B. Vauquois, G. Veillon & J. Veyrunes: Syntax and interpretation. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.2, June 1966; pp.44-54 [PDF, 339KB]

(1963) Paul L.Garvin: The definitional model of language. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.223-232. [PDF, 60KB]

(1963) G.H.Harman & V.H.Yngve: Generative grammars without transformation rules. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.171-173. [PDF, 24KB]

(1963) W.P. Lehmann: On redundancy in artificial languages. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39

(1963) Winfred P.Lehmann & Eugene D.Pendergraft: Structural models for linguistic automation. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963); pp.78-91. [PDF, 148KB]

(1963) E.D.Pendergraft: Types of language hierarchy. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.41

(1963) Robert Tabory: Specifications for generative grammars used in language data processing. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.41-42

(1962) N.D.Andreyev: Linguistic aspects of translation [with discussion]. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.625-637. [PDF, 166KB]

(1962) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Four lectures on algebraic linguistics and machine translation. In: Automatic Translation of Languages: papers presented at NATO Summer School held in Venice, July 1962. [Ed. Aldo Ghizzetti.] Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966; pp. 1-26. [PDF, 244KB]

(1962) M.Kay: Rules of interpretation – an approach to the problem of computation in the semantics of natural language. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.318-321. [PDF, 147KB]

(1962) E.S.Klima: Relatedness between grammatical systems. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., April, 1962; pp.175-186. [PDF, 261KB]

(1962) Olga S. Koulagina: The use of computers in research on machine translation. Information Processing 1962: proceedings of IFIP Congress 62, Munich 27 August – 1 September 1962 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1963); pp.301-305. [PDF, 55KB]

(1961) Y.Lecerf: Intrinsic machine addressing in automatic translation. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.284-312. [PDF, 132KB] [discussion]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A general procedure for syntactic description (M.L.143). Repr. as The lattice properties of syntactic relations in an open language. In: K.Sparck Jones (ed.) A lattice model of syntactic description (M.L.147, [part 1]) Cambridge: Cambridge Language Research Unit, July 1961; 16pp. [PDF, 53KB]

(1961) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: A new model of syntactic description. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.26-60. [PDF, 114KB] [discussion]

(1961) Warren Plath: Automatic sentence diagramming. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 176-191. [PDF, 103KB] [discussion]

(1961) Victor H. Yngve: Random generation of English sentences. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.66-80. [PDF, 146KB] [discussion]

(1960) Paul L.Garvin: From model to procedure. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.367-370. [PDF, 50KB]

(1960) Anthony G.Oettinger: A new theory of translation and its applications. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.363-366. [PDF, 69KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: A model and an hypothesis for language structure. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol.104, no.5, October 1964; pp.444-466. [PDF, 2126KB]

(1959) O.S.Kulagina, A.I.Martynova, & T.M.Nikolayeva: Mechanical translation at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.867-879. [PDF, 73KB]

(1954) Zellig S.Harris: Transfer grammar. International Journal of American Linguistics 20 (4), 259-270. [note]

Grammars and grammar acquisition

(1966) Paul L. Garvin: Some comments on algorithm and grammar in the automatic parsing of natural languages. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.2-3 [PDF, 106KB]

(1963) Wayne Tosh: Collecting linguistic data for the grammar of a language. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.42

(1961) Paul L. Garvin: Automatic linguistic analysis – a heuristic problem. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.656-669. [PDF, 44KB] [discussion]

(1960) Session 5: Grammatical studies. Questions and discussion [by A.F.R.Brown, R.M.Hayes, R.A.Kirsch, W.P.Lehmann, J.W.Marchand, G.H.Matthews, A.G.Oettinger.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.249-253. [PDF, 56KB]

(1959) A.D.Booth [chairman]: Discussions [of conference papers in]: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.941-953. [PDF, 197KB]

Historical linguistics

(1966) Sheldon Klein: Historical change in language using Monte Carlo techniques. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1966; pp.67-82 [PDF, 393KB]

Homonyms, homographs and homophones (see also Word sense disambiguation)

(1967) L.L.Earl, B.V.Bhimani, & R.P.Mitchell: Statistics of operationally defined homonyms of elementary words. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.11-17 [PDF, 280KB]

(1963) Milos Pacak: Homographs: their classification and identification. In: Paul W.Howerton and David C.Weeks: Vistas in information handling, vol.I: The augmentation of man’s intellect by machine (Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963); pp.111-132. [PDF, 611KB]

Idioms

(1958) A.D.Booth: The history and recent progress of machine translation. In: Aspects of translation (Studies in Communication 2). London: Secker & Warburg; pp.88-104. [PDF, 69KB]

(1958) Andrew D.Booth: Translating machines (The Social Consequences of Automation.) International Social Science Bulletin 10; pp.55-62. [PDF, 55KB]

(1957) Panel III: Scope of syntactic analysis in machine translation – discussion [by Victor Oswald, Dan Belmore, Paul Garvin, Hugo Mueller, W.P.Lehmann, Richard Thomas, N.A.Kirsch, Herbert Paper, Michael Zarechnak, Leon Dostert, Martin Joos, Victor Yngve, Jane Pyne, R.A.Crossland, William Austin, Gilbert King]. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.167-177. [PDF, 96KB]

(1956) E.H.Ullrich: [contribution to] Discussion on ‘the computer in a non-arithmetic role’ at the Convention on Digital-Computer Techniques, 12th April 1956. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol.103, part B: Supplement no.3 (1956); p.474. [PDF,19KB]

(1954) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Can translation be mechanized? American Scientist 42; pp.248-260. [PDF, 73KB]

(1955) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Idioms. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 183-193.

(1952) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: The treatment of “idioms” by a translating machine. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [PDF, 103KB]

Impersonal constructions

(1963) C.G.Borkowski & L.R.Micklesen: Generative processes for Russian impersonal sentences. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33

International terms

(1953) Erwin Reifler: Elimination and mechanical determination of forms with dual nationality (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.9). 11pp. [PDF, 38KB]

Language universals

(1959) J.W.Perry: Exploitation of abstracts by applying machine translation techniques. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.787-810.

(1959) J.Poulet: [contribution to] Symposium on machine translation, Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); p.218. [PDF]

(1952) Erwin Reifler: General mechanical translation and universal grammar. Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1952, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Studies on Mechanical Translation, no.4) [PDF, 69KB]

(1951) Erwin Reifler: Some problems of the mechanical translation of languages. Paper read before the Linguistic Society of the University of Washington on April 9, 1951. (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.2); 18pp. [PDF, 62KB]

Linguistics and MT

(1967) Robert M. Schwarcz: Steps toward a model of linguistic performance: a preliminary sketch. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp.39-52 [PDF, 276KB]

(1967) Victor H.Yngve: Some applications of computers in linguistics. In: Languages and areas: studies presented to George V.Bobrinskoy on the occasion of his retirement by members of the Departments of Linguistics and of Slavic Languages and Literatures and of the Committee on South Asian Studies of the University of Chicago. (Chicago, Illinois, 1967); pp.172-179. [PDF, 89KB]

(1967) I.A.Melchuk: Linguistics and automatic translation. International Social Science Journal 19 (1967); pp.64-78. [PDF, 203KB]

(1965) Petr Sgall: Generation, production, and translation. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 16pp. [PDF, 90KB]

(1964) Mary Lu Joynes & W.P.Lehmann: Linguistic theories underlying the work of various MT groups. Linguistics 8 (1964); pp.62-71. [PDF, 111KB]

(1963) Paul L.Garvin: The definitional model of language. In: Paul L.Garvin (ed.) Natural language and the computer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963); pp.223-232. [PDF, 60KB]

(1963) M.A.K.Halliday: Linguistics and machine translation. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 15 (1963); pp.145-157. [PDF, 166KB]

(1963) Sydney M. Lamb: Linguistic structure and machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39.

(1963) I.A.Mel’chuk: Machine translation and linguistics. Chapter IV in: O.S.Akhmanova, I.A.Mel’chuk, R.M.Frumkina, E.V.Paducheva, Exact methods in linguistic research. Translated from the Russian by David G.Hays and Dolores V.Mohr (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963); pp.44-79 [PDF, 204KB]

(1962) Paul L.Garvin: The impact of language data processing on linguistic analysis. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.706-712. [PDF, 99KB]

(1961) Sydney M. Lamb: On the mechanization of syntactic analysis. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.674-684. [PDF, 37KB] [discussion]

(1961) W.P.Lehmann: Machine translation: agent of the humanities. University of Texas Studies in Literature and Language 3 (2), Summer 1961. PDF, 223 KB]

(1960) H.P.Edmundson: Introduction [to Session 8: Information processing and linguistic analysis.] Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.356-357. [PDF, 39KB]

(1960) Sydney M.Lamb: MT research at the University of California, Berkeley. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.140-154. [PDF, 105KB]

(1960) Erwin Reifler: MT linguistics and MT lexicography at the University of Washington. [In] Linguistic and engineering studies in the automatic translation of scientific Russian into English. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; pp.59-65. [PDF, 206KB]

(1960) Thomas A.Sebeok: Summation by chairman [of Session 3: Current research]. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.193-194. [PDF, 44KB]

(1960) Victor H.Yngve: A model and an hypothesis for language structure. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol.104, no.5, October 1964; pp.444-466. [PDF, 2126KB]

(1959) P.L.Garvin: [contribution to] Discussion [of] K.E.Harper and D.G.Hays: The use of machines in the construction of a grammar and computer program for structural analysis. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Unesco, 1960); p. 194. [PDF]

(1959) V.V.Ivanov: Linguistic problems in the design of a machine language for the information machine. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.1075-1090. [PDF, 147KB]

(1959) Martin Kay: The relevance of linguistics to mechanical translation. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML88] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1959; 22pp. [PDF, 110KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Fictitious sentences in language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 25th May 1959; 33pp. [PDF, 97KB]

(1959) Lew R.Micklesen & Robert E.Wall: Logical programming research in the University of Washington machine translation project. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.853-866. [PDF, 140KB]

(1956) Paul L.Garvin: Some linguistic problems in machine translation. In: Morris Halle, Horace G.Lunt, Hugh McLean, Cornelis H.van Schooneveld (eds.) For Roman Jakobson: essays on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, 11 October 1956. (The Hague: Mouton, 1956); pp.180-186. [PDF, 79KB]

(1956) A.Craig Reynolds: Mathematical linguistics – a new discipline. [With discussion by Garvin, Dostert, and others.] Report of the Seventh Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Study, ed. Paul Garvin, spring 1956 (Washington, D.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.201-211. [PDF, 455KB]

Locatives

(1967) James Gough, Jr.: On the German locative: a study in symbols. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp. 68-84 [PDF, 339KB]

Logical aspects

(1967) John M. Dolan: A note on Quine’s theory of radical translation. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.11-17 [PDF, 220KB]

(1965) Jared L. Darlington: Machine methods for proving logical arguments expressed in English. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.41-67 [PDF, 422KB]

(1963) Elinor K.Charney: Sentence-meaning and word-meaning. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.176-180. [PDF, 25KB]

(1963) J.L.Darlington: Logical evaluation of arguments stated in “format Q”. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1963; pp.265-268. [PDF, 30KB]

(1963) J.L.Darlington: An ordinary language input for a COMIT proof-procedure program. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.174-176. [PDF, 23KB]

(1963) Jared L. Darlington: Translating ordinary language into symbolic logic. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.34

(1962) Elinor Charney: Linguistic analogues of the free-variable. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1962; pp.208-211. [PDF, 26KB]

(1962) Elinor K.Charney: On the problem of sentence synonymy. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1962; pp.289-293. [PDF, 40KB]

(1961) Elinor K.Charney: On the semantical interpretation of linguistic entities that function structurally. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.544-556. [PDF, 76KB] [discussion]

(1961) Elinor Charney: Semantics. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.209-211.

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Classification, concept-formation and language. Presented at the Fourth Annual Conference of the British Society for the Philosophy of Science, September 1959. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.57-80.

(1959) Margaret Masterman: Fictitious sentences in language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 25th May 1959; 33pp. [PDF, 97KB]

(1959) R.H.Richens: Logical looseness on interlinguas. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML86] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 3pp. [PDF, 19KB]

(1958) Joachim Lambek: The mathematics of sentence structure. American Mathematical Monthly 65: 154. [note]

(1957) William M.Austin: Language as symbolic logic. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.39-43. [PDF, 131KB]

(1957) Margaret Masterman: Fans and heads. (CLRU memo ML-21). Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1957; 16pp. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.39-56.

(1956) J.Bronowski: The theory and philosophy of language [Abstract], Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; p. 12-13 [PDF, 222KB]

Meaning-text model

Multiword expressions [see also Nouns and Noun phrases, Prepositional phrases, Verbs and verb phrases]

(1963) Kenneth E. Harper: A study of the combinatorial properties of Russian nouns. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.36

Nouns and noun phrases

(1966) Jane Robinson: Endocentric constructions and the Cocke parsing logic. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 9, no.1, March 1966; pp.4-9 [PDF, 195KB]

(1965) Kenneth E. Harper: Measurement of similarity between nouns. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 23pp. [PDF, 769KB]

(1963) L.R.Micklesen & P.H.Smith, Jr.: An algorithm for the translation of Russian inorganic-chemistry terms. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.39-40

(1961) Dean S.Worth: Transformation criteria for the classification of predicative genitive constructions in Russian. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.726-735. [PDF, 131KB]

(1960) Joseph R.Applegate: Syntax of the German noun phrase. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.280-285. [PDF, 57KB]

(1960) J.R.Applegate: The German noun phrase. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1960; p.184. [PDF, 22KB]

(1959) Erwin Reifler: MT linguistics and MT lexicography at the University of Washington: high frequency concepts, German substantive compounds and MT. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.841-852. [PDF, 135KB]

(1957) R.B.Lees: Generation of nominal compounds in English. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1957; pp.131-132. [PDF, 27KB]

(1957) W.P.Lehmann: Structure of noun phrases in German. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.125-133. [PDF, 160KB]

(1957) Hugo J.Mueller: German pre-nominal modifiers as clues in machine translation. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.89-101. [PDF, 47KB]

(1957) Aristotelis D.Stathacopoulos: Noun phrase analysis using the IBM 650 computer. The Trend in Engineering at the University of Washington, April 1957; pp.20-22. [PDF, 37KB]

(1956) J. R. Applegate: Structure of the German noun phrase. [Presentation at International Conference on Mechanical Translation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 1956]; 4 pp. [PDF, 19KB]

(1956) Phillip Arey: Structural analysis of Russian mechanical translation. Abstract of notes to be presented for discussion at the informal meetings preceding the International Conference on Mechanical Translation on 20 October 1956 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; 1p. [PDF,11KB]

(1956) Lew R.Micklesen: Certain fundamental problems encountered during MT research on the Russian language. Notes for discussion at the Meetings of Oct.16-19 preceding the International Conference in Mechanical Translation on Oct.20 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; 2pp. [PDF, 15KB]

(1955) Erwin Reifler: The mechanical determination of meaning. In: William N.Locke & A.Donald Booth (eds.): Machine translation of languages, fourteen essays. The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; New York: John Wiley, 1955; pp. 136-164.

(1954) Yehoshua Bar-Hillel: Can translation be mechanized? American Scientist 42; pp.248-260. [PDF, 73KB]

(1953) Erwin Reifler: Elimination and mechanical determination of forms with dual nationality (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.9). 11pp. [PDF, 38KB]

(1952) Erwin Reifler: Report on research results in mechanical translation in connection with the Rockefeller grant for the summer quarter 1952. (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.6). 7pp. [PDF, 67KB]

Paraphrases

(1968) P.W.Culicover: Paraphrase generation and information retrieval from stored text. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 78-88 [PDF, 225KB]

(1965) Sheldon Klein: Automatic paraphrasing in essay format. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.68-83 [PDF, 301KB]

(1963) Sheldon Klein: Some experiments performed with an automatic paraphraser. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.38.

(1962) Elinor K.Charney: On the problem of sentence synonymy. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1962; pp.289-293. [PDF, 40KB]

Passives

(1961) W.K.Percival: Theory of translation. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; p.214.

Phonology and phonetics

(1968) Joseph E. Grimes, John R. Alsop, & Alan Wares: Computer backup for field work in phonology. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 73-74 [PDF, 126KB]

(1967) David Shillan: Segmenting natural language by articulatory features. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 11pp. [PDF, 448KB]

Pidgin language

(1967) Margaret Masterman: Mechanical pidgin translation: an estimate of the research value of ‘word-for-word’ translation into a pidgin language, rather than into the full normal form of an output language. In: A.D.Booth (ed.) Machine translation. (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1967); pp.195-227. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.161-186.

(1960) Margaret Masterman & Martin Kay: Mechanical pidgin translation: an estimate of the research value of “word-for-word” translation into a pidgin language, rather than into the full normal form of an output language. (ML133). Cambridge: CLRU, July 13th 1960; [incomplete copy] [PDF, 416KB]

(1957) Margaret Masterman, R.M.Needham, K.Spärck Jones, & Bryan Mayoh: Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro (Virgil, “Georgics”) First-stage translation into English with the aid of Roget’s Thesaurus. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92, appendix III] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), [1957]; 16pp. [PDF, 93KB]. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.149-160 [with commentary by Karen Spärck Jones.]

Pragmatics in MT

Prepositional phrases

(1964) Kenneth E. Harper: The position of prepositional phrases in Russian. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.5-10 [PDF, 166KB]

(1960) Michael Zarechnak: Nesting within the prepositional structure. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.267-279. [PDF, 118KB]

Prepositions

(1964) James H. White: The methodology of sememic analysis with special application to the English preposition. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.15-31 [PDF, 255KB]

(1960) Ariadne Lukjanow: Report on some principles of the unified transfer system. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.88-120. [PDF, 158KB]

(1956) M.A.K.Halliday: Linguistic basis of the thesaurus-type mechanical dictionary and its application to English preposition classification. In: Report on research: Cambridge Language Research Unit. Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; pp.36-37.

Pronouns

(1958) L.Brandwood: Pronoun reference in German. Mechanisation of thought processes: Proceedings of a symposium held at the National Physical Laboratory on 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th November 1958 (London: HMSO, 1959); pp.311-349 [including discussion by Richens, Bar-Hillel, Uttley, and others]. [PDF, 139KB]

(1958) Leonard Brandwood: Some problems in the mechanical translation of German, Mechanical Translation 5 (2), November 1958; pp. 60-66 [PDF, 142KB]

Punctuation

(1963) Lydia Hirschberg: Punctuation and automatic syntatic analysis. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.37

(1958) Gerard Salton: The use of punctuation patterns in machine translation, Mechanical Translation 5 (1), July 1958; pp. 16-24 [PDF, 173KB]

Reference (see also Anaphora resolution, Discourse representation, Pronouns)

(1962) W.K.Percival: German word order rules. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October, 1962; pp.168-171. [PDF, 61KB]

Stratificational grammar

(1969) L.W.Tosh: Translation model with semantic capability. Linguistics 55; pp.58-69. [PDF, 156KB]

(1968) L.W.Tosh: Initial results of syntactic translation at the Linguistics Research Center. Linguistics 42 (1968); pp.96-116. [note]

(1967) L.W.Tosh: Stratificational grammar and interlingual mapping for automatic translation. Actes du Xe Congrès International des Linguistes, Bucurest, 28 août – 2 septembre 1967 (Bucurest: Editions de l’Académie de la Rèpublique Socialiste de Roumanie, 1970; pp.1049-1059. [PDF, 131KB]

(1966) D.Konečná, P.Novák, & P.Sgall: Machine translation in Prague. Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics 1, 1966; pp.185-193. [PDF, 229KB]

(1965) Sydney M.Lamb: The nature of the machine translation problem. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 4, 196-210. [PDF, 166KB]

(1965) Petr Sgall: Generation, production, and translation. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 16pp. [PDF, 90KB]

(1964) Doug Johnson: [Paper on stratification grammar for Chinese, with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.148-154.

(1964) Sydney Lamb: [Paper on stratificational grammar research at Yale University, with handouts]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.130-148.

(1964) Wayne Tosh: Report memorandum RM-64-DA 0110 [comments on report, with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.30-39.

(1964) James H. White: The methodology of sememic analysis with special application to the English preposition. Mechanical Translation, vol. 8, no.1, August 1964; pp.15-31 [PDF, 255KB]

(1963) Ching-yi Dougherty: Writing of Chinese recognition grammar for machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.35

(1960) S.M.Lamb: Berkeley presentation. In: Summary of the proceedings of the Wayne State University conference of federally sponsored machine translation workers, held at Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey, July 18-22, 1960; pp.8-10.

Stylistic aspects

Sublanguage [see also Domain restriction and specification]

(1963) Joyce M. Brady & William B. Estes: Concerning the role of sub-grammars in machine translation. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.33-34

(1957) Victor A.Oswald, Jr.: The rationale of the idioglossary technique. Report of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies. “Research in machine translation”, ed.by Léon Dostert. (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957); pp.63-69. [PDF, 79KB]

(1953) Victor A.Oswald & Richard H.Lawson: An idioglossary for mechanical translation. Modern Language Forum 38 (3/4), September-December 1953; pp.1-11. [PDF, 66KB]

(1952) Victor A. Oswald: Microsemantics. Paper presented at the first machine translation conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 17-20 June 1952. [Not published] [PDF, 95KB]

Synonyms

(1962) Wayne Tosh: Content recognition and the production of synonymous expressions. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27-31, 1962 (The Hague: Mouton, 1964); pp.722-729 [PDF, 108KB]

Terminology (see also Termbanks)

(1961) Lawrence Summers: Machine translation of Russian organic chemical names into English by analysis and resynthesis of the component fragments. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 266-277. [PDF, 78KB] [discussion]

(1961) John H. Wahlgren: Linguistic analysis of Russian chemical terminology. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp. 250-263. [PDF, 88KB] [discussion]

(1956) Victor H.Yngve: Terminology in the light of research on mechanical translation. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.128-132. [PDF, 40KB]

Thesauri

(1969) G.Salton: Automatic processing of foreign language documents. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 4; 29pp. [PDF, 755KB]

(1967) Margaret Masterman: Man-aided computer translation from English into French using an on-line system to manipulate a bi-lingual conceptual dictionary, or thesaurus. Coling 1967: Conference Internationale sur la Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, France, August 1967; 22pp. [PDF, 887KB]

(1965) R.M.Needham: Semantic problems of machine translation. Information Processing 1965: proceedings of IFIP Congress 65, New York City, May 24-29, 1965 (Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, 1965); pp.65-69. [PDF, 47KB]

(1965) K. Sparck Jones: Experiments in semantic classification. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965; pp.97-112 [PDF, 263KB]

(1962) Margaret Masterman: The intellect’s new eye. In: Freeing the mind 6: articles and letters from the Times Literary Supplement April 27 1962. [London: Times.]; pp.38-44. [PDF, 36KB]

(1961) Margaret Masterman & W.Haas: Translation. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 1961; pp.169-216. [PDF, 869KB]; Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.187-223 [with editor’s commentary]

(1961) K. Sparck Jones: Mechanised semantic classification. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.418-433. [PDF, 123КB] [discussion]

(1959) E.W.Bastin & R.M.Needham: A new research technique for analysing language. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF, 72KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: A possible counter-example to F.A.H.Q.M.T.? In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix III] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1959; 5 pp. [PDF, 16KB]

(1959) Margaret Masterman: What is a thesaurus? In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML90] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), 1st June 1959; 80pp. [PDF, 342KB]

(1959) R.M.Needham & A.F.Parker-Rhodes: This question of lattice theory. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML89] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), May 1959; 13pp. [PDF, 46KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & C.Wordley: Mechanical translation by the thesaurus method using existing machinery. Journal of the SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) 68 (4), April 1959; pp. 236-239. [PDF, 61KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes & R.M.Needham: A reduction method for non-arithmetic data and its application to thesauric translation. Information processing: International Conference on Information Processing, Unesco, Paris, 15-20 June 1959 (Paris: Uniesco, 1960); pp.321-326. [PDF, 63KB]

(1959) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Some recent work on thesauric and interlingual methods in machine translation. In: Allen Kent (ed.) Information retrieval and machine translation. Based on the International Conference for Standards on a Common Language for Machine Searching and Translation, Cleveland, Ohio, September 6-12, 1959 (New York/London: Interscience Publishers, 1961); part 2, pp.923-934. [PDF, 66KB]

(1959) Joy M.Staniforth: General schema of a thesauric translation programme using a punched card technique. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML92, appendix I] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1958; 5pp. [PDF, 34KB]

(1959) C.Wordley: C.L.R.U. mechanical abstracting test I. In: Essays on and in machine translation [ML91, appendix IV] (Cambridge Language Research Unit), June 1959; 3 pp. [PDF, 16KB]

(1958) M.Masterman, R.M.Needham, & K.Spärck Jones: The analogy between mechanical translation and library retrieval. Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information, Washington, D.C., November 16-21, 1958 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, 1959); pp.917-935. [PDF, 104KB]

(1958) R.M.Needham & T.Joyce: Information retrieval and the thesaurus. [ML 45. Cambridge: CLRU, 1958]; 7pp. [PDF, 76KB]

(1957) M.A.K.Halliday: Report on the work in MT by the Cambridge Language Research Group, Cambridge, England. [Session ‘Machine translation’] Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, Oslo, August 5-9, 1957 (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1958); pp.527-533.

(1957) T.Joyce & R.M.Needham: The thesaurus approach to information retrieval. [ML 45a.] Cambridge Language Research Unit, October 1957; 8pp. [PDF, 90KB]

(1957) M.M.Masterman: The thesaurus in syntax and semantics, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 35-43 [PDF, 156KB]

(1956) M.A.K.Halliday: The linguistic basis of a mechanical thesaurus. Mechanical Translation 3 (3), December 1956; pp. 81-88 [PDF, 156KB]

(1956) David G. Hays: A projected study of semantic ambiguity. Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation: September 24, 1956; 2pp. [PDF, 14KB]

(1956) M.Masterman: Potentialities of a mechanical thesaurus [Abstract]. In: Report on research: Cambridge Language Research Unit. Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; p.36.

(1956) Margaret Masterman: The potentialities of a mechanical thesaurus. (ML 1). Cambridge: CLRU, October 1956; 22pp. [PDF, 155KB]; appendix by A.F.Parker-Rhodes. Reprinted in: Margaret Masterman: Language, cohesion and form, ed.Yorick Wilks (Cambridge University Press, 2005); pp.83-106.

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: An algebraic thesaurus. [Cambridge: CLRU, 1956]; 8pp. [PDF, 63KB]

(1956) A.F.Parker-Rhodes: Mechanical translation program utilizing an interlingual thesaurus [Abstract]. In: Report on research: Cambridge Language Research Unit. Mechanical Translation 3 (2), November 1956; p.36.

(1954) Anthony G. Oettinger: A study for the design of an automatic dictionary. A thesis presented…for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy… Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April, 1954; chapter 1 [only]; 11pp. [PDF, 38KB]

Transformational-generative grammar

(1968) Robert F. Simmons & John F. Burger: A semantic analyzer for English sentences. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1968; pp. 1-13 [PDF, 287KB]

(1968) D. Kathryn Weintraub: The English relative clause. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 11, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1968; pp. 89-102 [PDF, 253KB]

(1967) James Gough, Jr.: On the German locative: a study in symbols. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.3 and 4, September and December 1967; pp. 68-84 [PDF, 339KB]

(1965) Susumu Kuno: A system for transformational analysis. Coling 1965: International Conference on Commputational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 48pp. [PDF, 1651KB]

(1963) G.H.Harman & V.H.Yngve: Generative grammars without transformation rules. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., January, 1963; pp.171-173. [PDF, 24KB]

(1961) D.A.Dinneen: French grammar. In: Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., July, 1961; pp.208-209.

(1960) G.H.Matthews: The use of grammars within the mechanical translation routine. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation, held at the University of California, Los Angeles, February 2-5, 1960; ed. H.P.Edmundson. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961); pp.245-248. [PDF, 52KB]

(1958) G.H.Matthews & Syrell Rogovin: German sentence recognition, Mechanical Translation 5 (3), December 1958; pp. 114-119 [PDF, 139KB]

(1957) R.B.Lees: Structural grammars, Mechanical Translation 4 (1-2), November 1957; pp. 5-10 [PDF, 155KB]

(1957) R.B.Lees: Structural grammars. Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., April, 1957; pp.133-134. [PDF, 22KB]

Transliteration and transcription (see also Cyrillic coding and transliteration)

(1964) Ron Hofmann: Tables for manual conversion between systems of Mandarin transliteration [paper with discussion]. In: Meeting on Chinese MT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 17, 1964. Presentations and handouts; pp.11-18.

(1964) M.Stein: Machine translation work by the computer Elliott 803. Computational Linguistics (Hungary) 2 (1964); pp.219-227. [PDF, 64KB]

Verbs and verb phrases

(1969) István Bátori: Disambiguating verbs with multiple meaning in the MT-system of IBM Germany. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 31; 17pp. [PDF, 467KB]

(1969) L.M.Khubchandani & W,W,Glover: An application of computer techniques to analysis of the verb phrase in Hindi and English. Coling 1969: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 1-4 September 1969, Sångy-Säby, Sweden; Preprint no. 62: Collection of abstracts of papers; p.19. [PDF, 72KB]

(1967) Henrik Birnbaum: Some notes on Russian predicative infinitives in automatic translation. Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, vol. 10, nos.1 and 2, March and June 1967; pp.11-17 [PDF, 196KB]

(1965) A.Andreyewsky: Subclassification of parts of speech in Russian: verbs. Coling 1965: International Conference on Computational Linguistics, New York, USA, May 1965; 11pp. [PDF, 468KB]

(1961) Seymour Chatman: The classification of English verbs by object types. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.84-94. [PDF, 41KB] [discussion]

(1961) Irina Lynch: Russian –СЯ verbs, impersonally used verbs and subject/object ambiguities. 1961 International Conference on Machine Translation of Languages and Applied Language Analysis: proceedings of the conference held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, on 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th September; pp.478-502. [PDF, 200KB] [discussion]

(1961) Milos Pacak & Antonina Boldyreff: The morphological abstraction of Russian verbs. Mechanical Translation, vol. 6, November 1961; pp.51-62. [PDF, 209KB]

(1961) Sergei Perschke: Operational analysis of verbs. (Rapport CETIS no.24, August 1961); 19pp. [PDF, 390KB]

(1956) L.Brandwood: The translation of a foreign language by machine. Babel 2 (3), October 1956; pp.111-118. [PDF, 72KB]

Written forms

(1963) J.L.Dolby & H.L.Resnikoff: The graphic structure of word-breaking. In: Abstracts of papers for the 1963 annual meeting of the Association for Machine Translation and Computational Linguistics, Denver, Colorado, August 25 and 26, 1963. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; p.34-35

(1963) John Lyons: Coding the Russian alphabet for the purposes of mechanical translation. Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, no.2, August 1963; pp.43-46 [PDF, 149KB]

(1956) R.A.Crossland: Graphic linguistics and its terminology Mechanical Translation 3 (1), July 1956; pp. 8-11 [PDF, 109KB]

(1950) Erwin Reifler: MT (Studies in Mechanical Translation, no.1) 51pp. [January 10, 1950.] [PDF of original typescript, 1250KB]