Machine Translation Archive

Index to statistical and computational aspects

Publications 1990-1999

 

For other periods go to: Publications since 2010; publications 2005-2009; publications 2000-2004; publications 1970-1989; publications before 1970

 

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Bootstrapping

(1997) Tony Veale & Andy Way: Gaijin: a bootstrapping, template-driven approach to example-based MT. [RANLP 1997] Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, Tzigov Chark, Bulgaria, 1997; pp.239-244. [PDF, 251KB]

Character coding

(1998) Florence Reeder: Trainer beware: corpora for language/encoding identification. First International Conference on Language Resources & E valuation, Granada, Spain, 28-30 May 1998. Proceedings ed. Antonio Rubio, Natividad Gallardo, Rosa Castro and Antonio Tejada; pp.1247-1250. [PDF, 45KB]

(1998) Olaf-Michael Stefanov: Towards a multi-language multi script web based reference & terminology system. Translating and the Computer 20. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference…12-13 November 1998 (London: Aslib, 1998); 10pp. [PDF, 79KB]

(1996) Abdel-Malek Boualem, Stéphane Harié & Jean Véronis: MtScript: a multilingual text editor.  Translating and the Computer 18. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 14 & 15 November 1996 (London: Aslib, 1996); 15pp. [PDF, 267KB]

(1995) Peter Kwan: UNICODE – implications for the translator. Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 15pp. [PDF with PPT presentation, 1424KB]

(1993) Peter Kahrel: Foreign languages in Wordperfect.  Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.153-163. [PDF, 147KB]; corrected version [HTML, 33KB]

(1992) H.Z. Zhang: The reunion of an Eastern family – the world’s first truly integrated Chinese, Japanese and Korean DTP system. Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.175-179. [PDF, 26KB]

(1991) John Clews: Dealing with multiple languages in the computer industry. Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.47-60. [PDF, 139KB]

(1991) John Parry: Computer character sets: their evolution and impact. Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.61-67. [PDF, 53KB]

(1990) Peter Laurie & David Hickman: Document conversion.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 49-52. [PDF, 23KB]

(1990) Beryl Wood: Session 2: summary of the discussion.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 61-62. [PDF, 16KB]

Chart parsing

(1999) Martin Kay: Chart translation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 9-14. [PDF, 189KB]

(1997) Arturo Trujillo: Determining internal and external indices for chart generation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.143-150. [PDF, 370KB]

(1997) Jan W.Amtrup: Layered charts for speech translation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.192-199. [PDF, 185KB]

(1996) Osamu Furuse & Hitoshi Iida: Incremental translation utilizing constituent boundary patterns. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 412-417. [PDF, 561KB]

(1996) Martin Kay: Chart generation. 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 200-204. [PDF, 414KB]

(1995) Jan W. Amtrup: Chart-based incremental transfer in machine translation. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.188-195 [PDF, 198KB]

(1994) Jan W.Amtrup: Perspectives for incremental MT with charts. In: Christa Hauenschild & Susanne Heizmann (eds.) Machine translation and translation theory. [EAMT workshop, Hildesheim University, September 1994]. (Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 19970; pp.211-222.

(1994) Christian Boitet & Mark Seligman: The “whiteboard” architecture: a way to integrate heterogeneous components of NLP systems. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 426-430. [PDF, 511KB]

Computational complexity

 (1997) J.Gabriel Amores & José F.Quesada: Machine translation with Episteme: linguistic knowledge representation, computational efficiency and formal properties. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’97, ed. Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2000; pp.315-326. [PDF, 276KB]

(1992) Hiroaki Kitano: Utility of massively parallel computing platform in natural language processing . International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.22-36. [PDF, 161KB]

(1992) Randall Sharp & Oliver Streiter: Simplifying the complexity of machine translation. Meta 37 (4), décembre 1992; pp.681-692. [note]

Computer equipment and accessories (see also Microcomputers, Photoscopic store; Programming and algorithms)

(1994) Peter Ball: Practical choices for hardware and software. Translating and the Computer 16. Paper presented … 10-11 November 1994, Institution of Civil Engineers, London SW1 (London: Aslib, 1994); 8pp. [PDF, 37KB]

(1994) Geoffrey Kingscott: Systran on PC imminent. Language International 6 (5), 1994; pp.14-15. [PDF, 108KB]

Computer networks (see also Internet)

(1997) Jörg Schütz: Utilizing evaluation in networked machine translation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.208-215. [PDF, 154KB]

(1996) Jörg Schütz: Network-based machine translation services. In: EAMT Workshop, Vienna, 29-30 August 1996. [PDF]

(1991) Andrew Joscelyne: A European translation network: from dream to reality. Language International 3 (2), April 1991; p.20-22. [PDF, 139KB]

Customization and implementation

(1999) Alan Barrett: Otelo and the Domino Translation Object.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.177-181. [PDF, 103KB]

(1999) Orie Fukutomi: Experiment report of a commercial machine translation in a manufacturing industry domain.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 579-585 . [PDF, 166KB]

(1999) Walter K. Hartmann: The next step: moving to an integrated MT system for high-volume environments.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 266-271. [PDF, 183KB]

(1999) Nobutoshi Hatanaka: Development of an intranet MT system adapting to usage domain. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 259-265. [PDF, 246KB]

(1999) Nikolai Puntikov: MT and TM technologies in localization industry: the challenge of integration.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.63-70. [PDF, 210KB]

(1999) Sayori Shimohata, Toshiki Murata, Atsushi Ikeno, Tsuyoshi Fukui, & Hideki Yamamoto: Machine translation system PENSÉE: system design and implementation. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 380-384. [PDF, 154KB]

(1999) Key-Yih Su & Jing-Shin Chang: A customizable, self-learnable parameterized MT system: the next generation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.182-188. [PDF, 180KB]

(1999) Suzanne Topping: Make it snappy! The story of how Kodak was able to cut localization cycle-time.  Language International 11 (1), February 1999; pp.21-23. [PDF, 134KB]

(1999) Nancy L. Underwood & Bart Jongejan: Profiling translation projects: an essential part of routing translations.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 139-149 [PDF, 154KB]

(1998) Santiago del Pino: Using translation memory software (TMS): an organisational checklist. Terminologie et Traduction, 1.1998; pp.132-139. [PDF, 37KB]

(1998) Kaarina Hyvönen & Harri Arnola: Kielikone MT takes user-friendliness seriously. Translating and the Computer 20. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference…12-13 November 1998 (London: Aslib, 1998); 14pp. [PDF, 108KB]

(1998) Carmen Andrés Lange: Tying the knot: how Baan wed machine translation to translation memory. Language International 10 (5), 1998; pp.34-36. [PDF, 122KB]

(1998) Steve McLaughlin & Ulrike Schwall: Horses for courses: changing user acceptance of machine translation. Translating and the Computer 20. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference…12-13 November 1998 (London: Aslib, 1998); 12pp. [PDF, 96KB]

(1998) Machine translation finds a home at Mitel. Language International 10 (3), 1998; pp.40-41. [PDF, 82KB]

(1997) F.Bruckert: Logos as an internet and intranet application. Translating and the Computer 19. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 13 & 14 November 1997 (London: Aslib, 1997); 20 slides. [PDF, 768KB]

(1997) Jennifer A.Brundage, Susan McCormick & Chris Pyne: Managing distributed MT projects today – a new challenge.  MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 58-63 [PDF, 103KB]

(1997) Lou Cremers: Implementing MT at Océ. Language International 9 (6), 1997; pp.16-17. [PDF, 94KB]

(1997) Anna Sĺgvall Hein: Language control and machine translation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.103-110. [PDF, 138KB]

(1997) Ulrike Schwall & Gregor Thurmair: From METAL to T1: systems and components for machine translation applications. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 180-190 [PDF, 181KB]

(1996) Chris Pyne: Making a service out of MT. Translating and the Computer 18. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 14 & 15 November 1996 (London: Aslib, 1996); 9pp. [PDF, 320KB]

(1996) Koichi Takeda: Pattern-based context-free grammars for machine translation. 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 144-176. [PDF, 769KB]

(1995) John Hatley: Some practical suggestions for implementing machine translation. Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 9pp. [PDF, 43KB]

(1995) Dirk Lueke: MT at SAP – a successful integration. Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 3pp. [PDF, 23KB]

(1995) D. Marty-Albisser: Integration of MT into the business process. MT Summit V Proceedings, Luxembourg, July 10-13, 1995; 1p. [abstract only] [PDF, 55KB]

(1995) Svetlana Sokolova: The tools for adapting the machine translation system to individual needs. Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 5pp. [PDF, 659KB]

(1994) Satoshi Kinoshita, Akira Kumano, & Hideki Hirakawa: Improvement in customizability using translation templates. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 25-31. [PDF, 433KB]

(1994) Chris Pyne: Integration into workflow – what makes MT work?  Translating and the Computer 16. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1994, Institution of Civil Engineers, London SW1 (London: Aslib, 1994); pp.59-64. [PDF, 28KB]

(1994) The Finnish formula. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.21, May-June 1994; pp.1-6. [PDF, 112KB]

(1994) Logos: working on front ends. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.21, May-June 1994; pp.13-14. [PDF, 86KB]

(1994) Nokia: Kielikone’s first MT customer. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.21, May-June 1994; p.3. [PDF, 82KB]

(1994) Systran flourishes. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.20, March-April 1994; pp.11-12. [PDF, 80KB]

(1993) Joann P. Ryan: Machine translation: matching reality to expectations. In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 225-235. [PDF,160KB]

(1993) Zenshiro Kawasaki: Organizational use of machine translation systems. In: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 217-224. [PDF, 123KB]

(1993) Cap Volmac’s tailormade MT systems. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.18, November-December 1993; pp.9-10. [PDF, 97KB]

(1993) Europe’s linguistic superhighway. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.16, July-August 1993; pp.1-6. [PDF, 120KB]

(1993) Logos: new partners, new language pairs. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.13, January-February 1993; p.3. [PDF, 86KB]

(1992) Ralph B. Dessau: Machine translation evaluation criteria.  Annex A in: MT evaluation: basis for future directions. Proceedings of a workshop..., 2-3 November 1992, San Diego, California; 5pp. [PDF, 100KB]

(1992) PC-based translators: they keep on coming. In: MT news, Language Industry Monitor, issue no.10, July-August 1992; pp.6-7. [PDF, 90KB]

(1991) see contributions to panel Building the customer base.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 127-128 [PDF, 87KB] [Reprinted in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 213-216]

(1991) Doris Albisser: Evaluating machine translation systems in a real work environment [contribution to panel] Evaluation of MT systems.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; p. 146

(1991) Hideki Hirakawa, Hiroyasu Nogami, & Shin-ya Amano: EJ/JE machine translation system ASTRANSAC – extensions toward personalization.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 73-80 [PDF, 668KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 127-138]

(1991) Elliott Macklovitch: Evaluating commercial MT systems.  Proceedings of the Evaluators’ Forum, April 21st – 24th, 1991, Les Rasses, Vaud, Switzerland, ed. Kirsten Falkedal. (Geneva: ISSCO); pp. 37-49. [PDF, 152KB]

(1991) Brigitte Roudaud: A procedure for the evaluation and improvement of an MT system by the end-user.  Proceedings of the Evaluators’ Forum, April 21st – 24th, 1991, Les Rasses, Vaud, Switzerland, ed. Kirsten Falkedal. (Geneva: ISSCO); pp. 129-142. [PDF, 180KB]

(1991) Thomas Seal: Alpnet and TSS: the commercial realities of using a computer-based translation system.  Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.119-125. [PDF, 46KB]

(1991) François Secheresse: Systran: or the reality of machine translation. Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.113-118. [PDF, 35KB]

(1990) Andrew Joscelyne: Company profile: Europe’s largest technical documentation company dives into langtech. Electric Word 18, March-April 1990; pp.38-43. [PDF, 3248KB]

(1990) Gr.Thurmair: METAL: computer integrated translation. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 19pp. [PDF, 169KB]

(1990) Language Industries Survey: [Lexi-Tech]. Electric Word 18, March-April 1990; p.9. [PDF, 288KB]

Dynamic programming

(1999) Yevgeny Ludovik & Ron Zacharski: Multilingual document language recognition for creating corpora. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 317-323. [PDF, 184KB]

(1999) Ryuichi Sawada & Kyoji Umemura: Dynamic programming – a new paradigm for information retrieval. Proceedings of the First NTCIR Workshop on Research in Japanese Text retrieval and Term Recognition, August 30 – September 1, Tokyo, Japan; 6pp. [PDF, 387KB]

(1998) S. Nießen, S.Vogel, H.Ney, & C.Tillmann: A DP based search algorithm for statistical machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 960-967. [PDF, 654KB]

(1997) C.Tillmann, S.Vogel, H.Ney, & A.Zubiaga: A DP based search using monotone alignments in statistical translation. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 289-296. [PDF, 585KB]

(1996) Hiyan Alshawi: Head automata and bilingual tiling: translation with minimal representations. Invited talk at: 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 167-176. [PDF, 1031KB]

(1995) Mark W.Davis, Ted E.Dunning, & William C.Ogden: Text alignment in the real world: improving alignments of noisy translations using common lexical features, string matching strategies and n-gram comparisons. Seventh conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, March 27-31, 1995, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; pp. 67-74. [PDF, 728KB]

(1994) Robert Frederking & Sergei Nirenburg: Three heads are better than one.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.95-100. [PDF, 485KB]

(1994) Harris Papageorgiou, Lambros Cranias, & Stelios Piperidis: Automatic alignment in parallel corpora. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 27-30 June 1994, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA; pp.334-336. [PDF, 277KB]

File interchange and exchange

(1999) Alan Barrett: Otelo and the Domino Translation Object.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.177-181. [PDF, 103KB]

(1999) Gerhard Budin, Alan K.Melby, Sue Ellen Wright, Deryle Lonsdale, & Arie Lommel: Integrating translation technologies using Salt. Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 9pp. [PDF, 66KB]

(1999) Shin-ichiro Kamei: Sharing dictionaries among MT users by common formats and social filtering framework.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.180-181. [PDF, 80KB

(1998) Alan Melby: Behind the scenes: data exchange standards… Language International 10 (6), 1998; pp.30-31, 43. [PDF, 161KB]

(1997) Shin-ichiro Kamei, Etsuo Itoh, Mikiko Fujii, Tokuyuki Hirai, Yukari Saitoh, Masashito Takahashi, Tsutomu Hiyama, & Kazunori Muraki: Sharable formats and their suporting environments for exchanging user dictionaries among different MT systems as part of AAMT activities. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 132-141 [PDF, 160KB]

(1997) Klaus-Dirk Schmitz & Sue Ellen Wright: MARTIF: new ISO standard for translation. Language International 9 (2), 1997; pp.18, 23. [PDF, 91KB]

(1997) Gr.Thurmair: Exchange interfaces for translation tools. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 74-93 [PDF, 241KB]

(1995) Roger Harris: Translation, the Internet and standing still. Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 7pp. [PDF, 100KB]

(1993) Alan Melby on TEI-TIF. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.14, Mar-Apr 1993; pp.5-6. [PDF, 105KB]

(1993) Termbase design and TIF. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.14, Mar-Apr 1993; p.7. [PDF, 105KB]

(1992) Edward John Moore: Interchange of documents in electronic form utilising international standards. Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); 12pp. [PDF, 40KB]

(1991) Alan K.Melby & Sue Ellen Wright: TEI-TERM: an SGML-based interchange format for terminology files. Translating and the Computer 13: The Theory and Practice of Machine Translation – A Marriage of Convenience? Papers presented at a conference… 28-29 November 1991, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.19-37. [PDF, 104KB]

(1990) David Hickman: Online data exchange.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 57-59. [PDF, 17KB]

Finite-state methods (see also Statistical analysis)

(1999) Sergio Barrachina & Juan Miguel Vilar: Bilingual clustering using monolingual algorithms.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 77-87 [PDF, 189KB]

(1999) Sergio Barrachina & Juan Miguel Vilar: Automatically deriving categories for translation. Sixth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech ’99), Budapest, Hungary, September 5-9, 1999; pp.2415-2418; abstract [PDF, 48KB]

(1999) Kemal Oflazer & Sergei Nirenburg: Practical bootstrapping of morphological analyzers. CoNLL-1999: Proceedings of Computational Natural Language Learning, Workshop at EACL’99; pp.14-23. [PDF, 941KB]

(1998) Hiyan Alshawi, Srinivas Bangalore, & Shona Douglas: Automatic acquisition of hierarchical transduction models for machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 41-47. [PDF, 542KB]

(1997) Hiyan Alshawi & Fei Xia: English-to-Mandarin speech translation with head transducers. Spoken Language Translation: proceedings of a workshop… ed. Steven Krauwer, Doug Arnold, Walter Kasper, Manny Rayner, Harold Somers, 11 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain; pp.54-60. [PDF, 440KB]

(1996) Hiyan Alshawi: Head automata and bilingual tiling: translation with minimal representations. Invited talk at: 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 167-176. [PDF, 1031KB]

Hidden Markov models

(1997) C.Tillmann, S.Vogel, H.Ney, & A.Zubiaga: A DP based search using monotone alignments in statistical translation. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 289-296. [PDF, 585KB]

(1996) Stephan Vogel, Hermann Ney, & Christoph Tillmann: HMM-based word alignment in statistical translation. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 836-841. [PDF, 496KB]

Human-computer communication

(1996) Kevin Knight: Will computers in the future speak English to each other? In: David Farwell (ed.) PREceedings of the Pre-Workshop on interlinguas and interlingual approaches to machine translation, 1 October 1996, Montreal, [AMTA]; pp.50-51 [PDF, 12KB]

Information theory and MT

(1999) Dekai Wu, Jun Zhao, & Zhifang Sui: An information-theoretic empirical analysis of dependency-based feature types for word prediction models. Joint SIGDAT conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou, 21-22 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; pp.29-37. [PDF, 655KB]

Lattices and networks

(1998) Éric Gaussier: Flow network models for word alignment and terminology extraction from bilingual corpora. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 444-450. [PDF, 585KB]

(1998) Lebelo Serutla & Derrick Kourie: Sentence analysis using a concept lattice. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.225-235. [go to publisher details]

(1993) Megumi Kameyama, Stanley Peters, & Hinrich Schütze: Combining logic-based and corpus-based methods for resolving translation mismatches. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.92-98.

(1992) Hiroaki Kitano: Utility of massively parallel computing platform in natural language processing . International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.22-36. [PDF, 161KB]

(1991) Megumi Kameyama, Ryo Ochitani, & Stanley Peters: Resolving translation mismatches with information flow.  29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.193-200. [PDF, 800KB]

(1990) Dan W. Higinbotham: Semantic cooccurrence networks. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.75-84. [PDF, 132KB]

(1990) Dan Walter Higinbotham: Semantic cooccurrence networks and the automatic resolution of lexical ambiguity in machine translation. Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas, December 1990. vii,270pp. [PDF, 308KB]

Learning and training

(1999) Kemal Oflazer & Sergei Nirenburg: Practical bootstrapping of morphological analyzers. CoNLL-1999: Proceedings of Computational Natural Language Learning, Workshop at EACL’99; pp.14-23. [PDF, 941KB]

(1999) Key-Yih Su & Jing-Shin Chang: A customizable, self-learnable parameterized MT system: the next generation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.182-188. [PDF, 180KB]

(1999) Janine Toole, Fred Popowich, Devlan Nicholson, Davide Turcato, & Paul McFetridge: Explanation-based learning for machine translation.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 161-171 [PDF, 172KB]

(1999) Evelyne Viegas: Developing knowledge bases for MT with linguistically motivated quality-based learning.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 366-374. [PDF, 220KB]

(1998) H.Altay Güvenir & Ilyas Cicekli: Learning translation templates from examples. Information Systems, vol. 23, no.6; pp.353-363. [PDF, 51KB]

(1998) Zeynep Öz & Ilyas Cicekli: Ordering translation templates by assigning confidence factors. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.51-61. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Kengo Sato & Masakazu Nakanishi: Maximum entropy model learning of the translation rules. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1171-1175. [PDF, 386KB]

(1998) Yamamoto Kazuhide & Sumita Eiichiro: Feasibility study for ellipsis resolution in dialogues by machine-learning technique. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1428-1435. [PDF, 709KB]

(1997) Scott W. Bennett, Chinatsu Aone, & Craig Lovell: Learning to tag multilingual texts through observation. Second conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Proceedings ed. Claire Cardie and Ralph Weischedel, August 1-2, 1997, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; pp.109-116. [PDF, 827KB]

(1997) Jing-Shin Chang & Key-Yi Su: Corpus-based statistics-oriented (CBSO) machine translation researches in Taiwan. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 165-173 [PDF, 149KB]

(1997) Hiroshi Echizen-ya, Kenji Araki, Yoshikazu Miyanaga & Koji Tochinai: An improvement in the selection process of machine translation using inductive learning with genetic algorithms.  Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Description of system demonstrations and videos , 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.11-12. [PDF, 163KB]

(1996) Ilyas Cicekli & H.Altay Güvenir: Learning translation rules from a bilingual corpus. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP-2), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, 16-18 September 1996; pp.90-97.  [PDF, 146KB]

(1996) Hiroshi Echizen-ya, Kenji Araki, & Yoshio Momouchi, & Koji Tochinai: Machine translation method using inductive learning with genetic algorithms. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 1020-1023. [PDF, 335KB]

(1996) Atsushi Fujii, Kentaro Inui, Takenobu Tokunaga, & Hozumi Tanaka: Selective sampling of effective example sentence sets for word sense disambiguation. Fourth workshop on Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. Eva Ejerhed and Ido Dagan, 4 August 1996, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; pp.56-69. [PDF, 883KB]

(1996) Anthony F. Gallippi: Learning to recognize names across languages. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 424-429. [PDF, 650KB]

(1996) Masahiko Haruno, Satoru Ikehara, & Takefumi Yamazaki: Learning bilingual collocations by word-level sorting. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 525-530. [PDF, 578KB]

(1996) Kemal Oflazer & Gökhan Tür: Combining hand-crafted rules and unsupervised learning in constraint-based morphological disambiguation. Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Proceedings ed. Eric Brill and Kenneth Church, 17-18 May 1996, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. USA; pp.69-81. [PDF, 1120KB]

(1995) Yasuhiro Akiba, Megumi Ishii, Hussein Almuallim, & Shigeo Kaneda: Learning English verb selection rules from hand-made rules and translation examples. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.206-220. [PDF, 537KB]

(1995) Pascale Fung & Dekai Wu: Coerced Markov models for cross-lingual lexical-tag relations. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.240-255. [PDF, 306KB]

(1995) I.Dan Melamed: Automatic evaluation and uniform filter cascades for inducing n-best translation lexicons.  Third workshop on Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. David Yarowsky and Kenneth Church, 30 June 1995, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; pp.184-198. [PDF, 933KB]

(1995) Keh-Yih Su, Jing-Shin Chang, & Yu-Ling Una Hsu: A corpus-based two-way design for parameterized MT systems: rationale, architecture and training issues. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.334-353. [PDF, 473KB]

(1995) Naohiko Uramoto: Automatic learning of knowledge for example-based disambiguation of attachment. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.295-302. [PDF, 198KB]

 (1995) Ye-Yi Wang & Alex Waibel: Connectionist  f-structure transfer. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’95, ed. Ruslan Mitkov & Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1997; pp.393-404. [PDF, 304KB]

(1992) Eric Brill & Mitch Marcus: Tagging an unfamiliar text with minimal human supervision. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.112-121. [PDF, 195KB]

(1992) Hiroyuki Kaji, Yuuko Kida, & Yasutsugu Morimoto: Learning translation templates from bilingual text. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 672-678. [PDF, 410KB]

(1992) Mitsugu Miura, Mikito Hirata, & Nami Hoshino: Learning mechanism in machine translation system “PIVOT”. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 693-699. [PDF, 331KB]

(1992) Akitoshi Okumura, Kazunori Muraki, & Kiyoshi Yamabana: A pattern-learning based, hybrid model for the syntactic analysis of structural relationships among Japanese clauses  Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.45-54 [PDF, 184KB]

(1992) Satoshi Sekine, Sofia Ananiadou, Jeremy J.Carroll, & Jun’ichi Tsujii: Linguistic knowledge generator. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 560-566. [PDF, 460KB]

(1990) Ami Segal: Machine translation of natural languages: the TOVNA MTS solution: a learning system.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 83-109. [PDF, 310KB]

Maximum entropy methods

(1999) Kiyotaka Uchimoto, Satoshi Sekine, & Hitoshi Isahara: Japanese dependency structure analysis based on maximum entropy models. EACL’99: Ninth Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 8-12 June 1999, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; pp. 196-203. [PDF, 685KB]

(1998) Kengo Sato & Masakazu Nakanishi: Maximum entropy model  learning of the translation rules. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1171-1175. [PDF, 386KB]

Microcomputers

(1996) Laurence Nazé: Automatic translation by micro-computer: evaluation of Power Translator. Language International 8 (1), 1996; pp.3-5. [PDF, 140KB]

(1993) Roger Bennett: Terminology and the computer – attention shifts to the micro. Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.59-81. [PDF, 96KB]

Modularity (see also Customization and implementation)

(1998) Stephen Beale, Sergei Nirenburg, Evelyne Viegas, & Leo Wanner: De-constraining text generation. Ninth International workshop on Natural Language Generation,  Proceedings, 5-7 August 1998, Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; pp. 48-57. [PDF, 788KB]

(1998) Monika Woszczyna, Matthew Broadhead, Donna Gates, Marsal Gavaldá, Alon Lavie, Lori Levin, & Alex Waibel: A modular approach to spoken language translation for large domains. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.31-40. [go to publisher details]

(1996) Patricia Schmid & Claudia Gdaniec: Evolution of the Logos grammar: system design and development methodology. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.86-95 [PDF, 169KB]

(1992) J.-J.Pérot: Eurolang project (European languages).  Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.103-106. [PDF, 30KB]

 (1991) Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Manny Rayner, & Björn Gambäck: Translation by quasi logical form transfer. 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.161-168. [PDF, 669KB]

(1990) Ami Segal: Machine translation of natural languages: the TOVNA MTS solution: a learning system.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 83-109. [PDF, 310KB]

Natural language understanding

(1997) Stephen Della Pietra, Mark Epstein, Salim Roukos, & Todd Ward: Fertility models for statistical natural language understanding. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 168-173. [PDF, 443KB]

(1997) Young-Suk Lee, Clifford Weinstein, Dinesh Tummala, Linda Kukolich, & Stephanie Seneff: Simplification of nomenclature leads to an ideal IL for human language communication. Proceedings of the AMTA/SIG-IL First Workshop on Interlinguas, October 28, 1997, San Diego, CA, USA; pp. 71-72. [PDF, 86KB]

(1996) Clifford Weinstein, Dinesh Tummala, Young-Suk Lee, & Stephanie Seneff: Automatic English-to-Korean text translation of telegraphic messages in a limited domain. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 705-710. [PDF, 697 KB]

(1993) Chinatsu Aone, Hatte Blejer, Sharon Flank, Douglas McKee, & Sandy Shinn: The Murasaki project: multilingual natural language understanding. Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); pp. 144-149. [PDF, 487KB]

(1993) Norman M.Fraser: The SUNDIAL speech understanding and dialogue project: results and implications for translation.  Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.165-179. [PDF, 105KB]

(1993) P. Jacobs: Shogun – multilingual data extraction for TIPSTER.  Human Language Technology: proceedings of a workshop held at Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA, March 21-24, 1993. (San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993); p.395. [PDF, 91KB]

(1992) Lynn Carlson & Sergei Nirenburg: Practical world modeling for NLP applications.  Third conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 31 March – 3 April 1992, Trento, Italy;  pp.235-236. [PDF, 206KB]

(1992) Rita McCardell Doerr: The MURASAKI project: multilingual natural language understanding. In session on Evaluation of related NLP research at: MT evaluation: basis for future directions. Proceedings of a workshop..., 2-3 November 1992, San Diego, California; pp. 33-34 [PDF, 123KB]

(1992) Beth Sundheim: The MUC methodology. In session on Evaluation of related NLP research at: MT evaluation: basis for future directions. Proceedings of a workshop..., 2-3 November 1992, San Diego, California; p. 31 [PDF, 123KB]

(1990) Sergei Nirenburg & Kenneth Goodman: Treatment of meaning in MT systems. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.171-188. [PDF, 218KB]

Neural networks

(1997) M.Asunción Castańo, Francisco Casacuberta, & Enrique Vidal: Machine translation using neural networks and finite-state models. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.160-167. [PDF, 168KB]

 (1995) Ye-Yi Wang & Alex Waibel: Connectionist  f-structure transfer. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’95, ed. Ruslan Mitkov & Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1997; pp.393-404. [PDF, 304KB]

(1994) Nenad Koncar & Gregory Guthrie: A natural language translation neural network. Proceedings of the International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing (NeMLaP), UMIST, Manchester, 14-16 September 1994; pp.71-77. [PDF, 63KB]

(1992) Masahiko Ishikawa & Ryoichi Sugimura: Natural language analysis using a network model - Modification Deciding Network Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.55-66. [PDF, 232KB]

(1992) Kazuhiro Kimura, Takashi Suzuoka, & Sin-ya Amano: Association-based natural language processing with neural networks. 30th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 28 June – 2 July 1992, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; pp.224-231. [PDF, 440KB]

(1992) Ian J. McLean: Example-based machine translation using connectionist matching Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.35-43. [PDF, 205KB]

(1991) A.N.Jain, A.E.McNair, A.Waibel, H.Saito, A.G.Hauptmann, & J.Tebelski: Connectionist and symbolic processing in speech-to-speech translation: the JANUS system.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 113-117 [PDF, 401KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 153-160]

(1990) Simon Lucas: Machine translation with syntactic neural networks. [Contribution to discussion group ‘Speech/NL interaction and MT’] Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; [PDF]

Parallel processing

(1999) Yiping Li, Chimu Pun, & Fei Wu: Portuguese-Chinese machine translation in Macao. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 236-243. [PDF, 236KB]

(1995) Eiichiro Sumita & Hitoshi Iida: Heterogeneous computing for example-based translation of spoken language. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.273-286. [PDF, 224KB]

(1994) Kozo Oi, Eiichiro Sumita, Osamu Furuse, Hitoshi Iida, & Tetsuya Higuchi: Real-time spoken language translation using associative processors.  Fourth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Proceedings of the conference, 13-15 October 1994, Stuttgart, Germany;  pp.196-197. [PDF, 602KB]

(1993) Patrick Saint-Dizier: A producer-consumer schema for machine translation within the PROLEXICA project. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.108-119.

(1992) Hiroaki Kitano: Utility of massively parallel computing platform in natural language processing . International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.22-36. [PDF, 161KB]

 (1991) Hiroaki Kitano, Dan Moldovan, & Seungho Cha: Toward high performance machine translation: preliminary results from massively parallel memory-based translation on SNAP.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 93-100 [PDF, 518KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 139-152]

Predictive methods

(1998) Satoshi Shirai, Satoru Ikehara, Akio Yokoo, & Yoshifumi Ooyama: Automatic rewriting method for internal expressions in Japanese to English MT and its effects. CLAW 98: proceedings of the second international workshop on Controlled Language Applications, 21-22 May 1998, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; pp.62-75. [PDF, 478KB]

Programming and algorithms [see also Computer equipment and accessories, Dynamic programming, Parallel processing]

(1999) Silviu Cucerzan & David Yarowsky: Language independent named entity recognition combining morphological and contextual evidence. Joint SIGDAT Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Very Large Corpora, Proceedings ed. Pascale Fung and Joe Zhou, 21-22 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; pp.90-99. [PDF, 987KB]

(1998) Johan Bos, C.J.Rupp, Bianka Buschbeck-Wolf, & Michael Dorna: Managing information at linguistic interfaces. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 160-166. [PDF, 635KB]

(1997) Hiroshi Echizen-ya, Kenji Araki, Yoshikazu Miyanaga & Koji Tochinai: An improvement in the selection process of machine translation using inductive learning with genetic algorithms.  Fifth conference on Applied Natural Language Processing [of] Association for Computational Linguistics. Description of system demonstrations and videos , 31 March – 3 April 1997, Washington Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, USA;  pp.11-12. [PDF, 163KB]

(1997) I.Dan Melamed: A portable algorithm for mapping bitext correspondence. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 305-312. [PDF, 714KB]

(1997) Tim Read, Elena Bárcena, & Pamela Faber: Java and its role in natural language processing and machine translation.  MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 224-231 [PDF, 143KB]

(1997) Ye-Yi Wang & Alex Waibel: Decoding algorithm in statistical machine translation. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 366-372. [PDF, 589KB]

(1996) Jan W. Amtrup & Jörg Benra: Communication in large distributed AI systems for natural language processing.  Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 35-40. [PDF, 552KB]

(1996) J. Gareth Evans: Implementing an efficient compact parser for a machine translation system. In: Machine Translation Review, issue 3: April 1996; pp.7-20.

(1996) Günther Görz, Marcus Kesseler, Jörg Spilker, & Hans Weber: Research on architectures for integrated speech/language systems in Verbmobil. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 484-489. [PDF, 547KB]

(1996) Gen-itiro Kikui: Identifying the coding system and language of on-line documents on the Internet. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 1061-1065. [PDF, 516KB]

(1996) I.Dan Melamed: A geometric approach to mapping bitext correspondence.  Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Proceedings ed. Eric Brill and Kenneth Church, 17-18 May 1996, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. USA; pp.1-12. [PDF, 1025KB]

(1996) William C.Ogden: TUIT: a toolkit for constructing multilingual Tipster user interfaces. Tipster Text Program Phase II. Proceedings of a workshop held at Vienna, Virginia, May 6-8, 1996, sponsored by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; pp. 219-220. [PDF, 658KB]

 (1996) David Quinn: Using Icon for text processing. In: Machine Translation Review, issue 3: April 1996; pp.21-31. [PDF]

(1996) Dekai Wu: A polynomial-time algorithm for statistical machine translation. 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 152-158. [PDF, 663KB]

(1995) Victor Poznański, John L.Beaven, & Pete Whitelock: An efficient generation algorithm for lexicalist MT. 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 26-30 June 1995, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; pp.261-267. [PDF, 597KB]

(1994) Christian Boitet & Mark Seligman: The “whiteboard” architecture: a way to integrate heterogeneous components of NLP systems. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 426-430. [PDF, 511KB]

(1994) Kuang-hua Chen & Hsin-Hsi Chen: A part-of-speech-based alignment algorithm. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 166-171. [PDF, 412KB]

(1994) R.Johnson & M.Rosner: UD, yet another unification device. In: Current issues in computational linguistics: in honour of Don Walker, ed. Antonio Zampolli, Nicoletta Calzolari, Martha Palmer (Linguistica Computazionale, vol. 9-10); Pisa: Giradini Editori; Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, [1994]; pp.525-534. [PDF, 132KB]

(1994) Yves Lepage: Non-directionality and self-assessment in an example-based system using genetic algorithms. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 616-621. [PDF, 467KB]

(1992) Wilhelm Weisweber: Term-rewriting as a basis for a uniform architecture in machine translation. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 777-783. [PDF, 572KB]

(1991) Hideki Hirakawa, Hiroyasu Nogami, & Shin-ya Amano: EJ/JE machine translation system ASTRANSAC – extensions toward personalization.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 73-80 [PDF, 668KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 127-138]

(1992) Andrew Joscelyne: John Chandioux’s GramR. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.7, January-February 1992; pp.2-3. [PDF, 97KB]

(1990) Tomek Strzalkowski: How to invert a natural language parser into an efficient generator: an algorithm for logic grammars. Coling-90: Papers presented to the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Helsinki, 20-25 August 1990; ed. Hans Karlgren; vol.2, pp. 347-352. [PDF, 587KB]

Punched cards

(1997) Roger A. Heller: The challenge of keypunching for MT. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 37-38 [PDF, 77KB]

Robustness

(1999) Gianni Lazzari: Robust spoken translation at ITC-irst. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.114-120. [PDF, 168KB]

(1999) Andy Way: A hybrid architecture for robust MT using LFG-DOP. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol. 11, pp.441-471. [PDF, 2786KB]

(1999) Rémi Zajac: A multilevel framework for incremental development of MT systems. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 646-653. [PDF, 172KB]

(1998) Bianka. Buschbeck-Wolf & Michael Dorna: Quality and robustness in MT—A balancing act. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.62-71. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Osamu Furuse, Setsuo Yamada, Kazuhide Yamamoto: Splitting long or ill-formed input for robust spoken-language translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 421-427. [PDF, 625KB]

(1998) Carolyn Penstein Rosé & Lori S.Levin: An interactive domain independent approach to robust dialogue interpretation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 1129-1135. [PDF, 691KB]

(1998) Rémi Zajac: MT Express. Proceedings of the 10th European Summer School on Logic, Linguistics and Information (ESSLLI), Saarbrücken, 24-28 August 1998: Workshop on machine translation. [PDF, 40KB]

 (1997) J.Gabriel Amores & José F.Quesada: Machine translation with Episteme: linguistic knowledge representation, computational efficiency and formal properties. In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’97, ed. Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2000; pp.315-326. [PDF, 276KB]

(1996) Michel Simard & Pierre Plamondon: Bilingual sentence alignment: balancing robustness and accuracy. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.135-144 [PDF, 230KB]

(1995) Jan Alexandersson, Elisabeth Maier, & Norbert Reithinger: A robust and efficient three-layered dialogue component for a speech-to-speech translation system. Seventh conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, March 27-31, 1995, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; pp. 188-193. [PDF, 593KB]

Similarity measures

(1995) Yuji Matsumoto & Mihoko Kitamura: Acquisition of translation rules from parallel corpora.  In: Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing: selected papers from RANLP ’95, ed. Ruslan Mitkov & Nicolas Nikolov, John Benjamins Publ.Co.: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1997; pp.405-416. [PDF, 270KB]

Statistical analysis

(1999) Jim Cowie, Yevgeny Ludovik, & Sergei Nirenburg: Using a target language model for domain independent lexical disambiguation. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 412-416. [PDF, 163KB]

(1999) Feng-Long Hwang & Ming-Shing Yu: Resolving category ambiguity of non-text symbols in Mandarin text. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 633-640. [PDF, 342KB]

(1999) Myung-Gil Jang, Sung Hyon Myaeng, & Se Young Park: Using mutual information to resolve query translation ambiguities and query term weighting. ACL-1999: 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 20-26 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; pp.223-229. [PDF, 547KB]

(1999) Su Jian, Guo Jin, & Tong Loong Cheong: Target word selection with co-occurrence and translation information. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 412-416. [PDF, 389KB]

(1999) Kevin Knight & Kenji Yamada: A computational approach to deciphering unknown scripts. ACL-1999 Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing: Proceedings of the Workshop ed. Andrew Kehler and Andreas Stolcke, 21 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; pp.31-36. [PDF, 629KB]

(1999) Jongwoo Lee, Byoung-Tak Zhang, & Yung Taek Kim: Compund noun decomposition using a Markov model. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 427-431. [PDF, 381KB]

(1999) Key-Yih Su & Jing-Shin Chang: A customizable, self-learnable parameterized MT system: the next generation.  Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp.182-188. [PDF, 180KB]

(1999) Hideki Tanaka & Akio Yokoo: An efficient statistical speech act type tagging system for speech translation systems. ACL-1999: 37th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 20-26 June 1999, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; pp.381-388. [PDF, 746KB]

(1999) Min Zhang & Key-Sun Choi: A pipelined multi-engine approach to Chinese-to-Korean machine translation: MATES/CK. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 375-379. [PDF, 162KB]

(1999) Min Zhang & Key-Sun Choi: Pipelined multi-engine machine translation: accomplishment of MATES/CK system.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI 99), August 23-25, 1999, University College, Chester, England; pp. 228-238 [PDF, 249KB]

(1998) Bianka. Buschbeck-Wolf & Michael Dorna: Quality and robustness in MT—A balancing act. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.62-71. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Sung-Kwon Choi, Han-Min Jung, Chul-Min Sim, Taewan Kim, Dong-In Park, Jun-Sik Park, & Key-Sun Choi: Hybrid approaches to improvement of translation quality in web-based English-Korean machine translation. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 251-255. [PDF, 358KB]

(1998) David Elworthy: Language identification with confidence limits. Coling-ACL’98: Sixth workshop on Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. Eugene Charniak, 15th-16th August 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp.94-101. [PDF, 646KB]

(1998) Pascale Fung: A statistical view on bilingual lexicon extraction: from parallel corpora to non-parallel corpora. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.1-17. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Genichiro Kikui: Term-list translation using mono-lingual word co-occurrence vectors. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 670-674. [PDF, 592KB]

(1998) Nari Kim: Statistical approach for Korean analysis: a method based on structural patterns. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.308-317. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Irene Langkilde & Kevin Knight: Generation that exploits corpus-based statistical knowledge. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 704-710. [PDF, 673KB]

(1998) Irene Langkilde & Kevin Knight: The practical value of n-grams in generation. Ninth International workshop on Natural Language Generation,  Proceedings, 5-7 August 1998, Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; pp. 248-255. [PDF, 492KB]

(1998) I.Dan Melamed: Empirical methods for MT lexicon development. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.18-30. [go to publisher details]

(1998) Shinsuke Mori & Makoto Nagao: A stochastic language model using dependency and its improvement by word clustering. Coling-ACL ’98: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 10-14, 1998, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; pp. 898-904. [PDF, 538KB]

(1998) Zeynep Öz & Ilyas Cicekli: Ordering translation templates by assigning confidence factors. Machine translation and the information soup: third conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, AMTA '98, Langhorne, PA,USA, October 1998; ed. David Farwell, Laurie Gerber, Eduard Hovy (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1998); pp.51-61. [go to publisher details]

(1997) Hiyan Alshawi, Adam L.Buchsbaum, & Fei Xia: A comparison of head transducers and transfer for a limited domain translation application. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 360-365. [PDF, 523KB]

(1997) Juan C.Amengual, José M.Benedí, Francisco Casacuberta, Asunción Castańo, Antonio Castellanos, David Llorens, Andrés Marzal, Federico Prat, Enrique Vidal, & Juan M.Vilar: Error correcting parsing for text-to-text machine translation using finite state models. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.135-142. [PDF, 217KB]

(1997) M.Asunción Castańo, Francisco Casacuberta, & Enrique Vidal: Machine translation using neural networks and finite-state models. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.160-167. [PDF, 168KB]

(1997) Jing-Shin Chang & Key-Yi Su: Corpus-based statistics-oriented (CBSO) machine translation researches in Taiwan. MT Summit VI. Machine Translation: Past, Present, Future.  Proceedings, 29 October – 1 November 1997, San Diego, California, USA; pp. 165-173 [PDF, 149KB]

(1997) Stephen Della Pietra, Mark Epstein, Salim Roukos, & Todd Ward: Fertility models for statistical natural language understanding. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 168-173. [PDF, 443KB]

(1997) Pascale Fung & Kathleen McKeown: Finding terminology translations from non-parallel corpora. Fifth workshop on Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. Joe Zhou and Kenneth Church, 18 August 1997, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 20 August 1997, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; pp.192-202. [PDF, 709KB]

(1997) Kevin Knight: Automating knowledge acquisition for machine translation. AI Magazine 18(4), 1997; pp.81-96. [PDF, 88K]

(1997) I.Dan Melamed: A word-to-word model of translational equivalence. ACL-EACL-1997: 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 8th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the Conference, 7-12 July 1997, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; pp. 490-497. [PDF, 718KB]

(1997) Christoph Tillmann & Hermann Ney: Word triggers and the EM algorithm. CoNLL97: Computational Natural Language Learning: Proceedings of the 1997 meeting of the ACL special interest group in Natural Language Learning, Madrid, July 11, 1997; ed. T.Mark Ellison; pp.117-124. [PDF, 561KB]

(1997) Dekai Wu: Stochastic inversion transduction grammars and bilingual parsing of parallel corpora. Computational Linguistics 23 (3), pp. 378-403 [PDF, 1660KB]

(1996) Hiyan Alshawi: Head automata and bilingual tiling: translation with minimal representations. Invited talk at: 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 167-176. [PDF, 1031KB]

(1996) Kenneth Ward Church: Optimists and skeptics. Contribution to panel The limits of automation at the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.224-226 [PDF, 114KB]

(1996) Robert E. Frederking & Ralf D. Brown: System demonstration: The Pangloss-Lite machine translation system. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.268-272 [PDF, 116KB]

(1996) Masahiko Haruno & Takefumi Yamazaki: High-performance bilingual text alignment using statistical and dictionary information. 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 24-27 June 1996, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA; pp. 131-138. [PDF, 740KB]

(1996) Hiroyuki Kaji & Toshiko Aizono: Extracting word correspondences from bilingual corpora based on word co-occurrence information. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 23-28. [PDF, 543KB]

(1996) Kevin Knight, Yaser Al-Onaizan, Ishwar Chander, Eduard Hovy, Irene Langkilde, Richard Whitney, & Kenji Yamada: System demonstration: JAPANGLOSS: using statistics to fill knowledge gaps. Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); p.256 [PDF, 81KB]

(1996) I. Dan Melamed: Automatic construction of clean broad-coverage translation lexicons.  Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.125-134 [PDF, 431KB]

(1996) Kemal Oflazer & Gökhan Tür: Combining hand-crafted rules and unsupervised learning in constraint-based morphological disambiguation. Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Proceedings ed. Eric Brill and Kenneth Church, 17-18 May 1996, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. USA; pp.69-81. [PDF, 1120KB]

(1996) Frank Smadja, Kathleen R. McKeown, & Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou: Translating collocations for bilingual lexicons: a statistical approach. Computational Linguistics 22 (1), pp. 1-38 [PDF, 2763KB]

(1996) Kumiko Tanaka & Hideya Iwasaki: Extraction of lexical translations from non-aligned corpora. Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 580-585. [PDF, 563KB]

(1996) Yorick Wilks: On the limits of automation. Contribution to panel The limits of automation at the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.226-227 [PDF, 114KB]

(1996) Kenji Yamada: A controlled skip parser Expanding MT horizons: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, 2-5 October 1996, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Washington, DC: AMTA); pp.14-23 [PDF, 155KB]

(1995) Jing-Shin Chang, Yi-Chung Lin, & Keh-Yih Su: Automatic construction of a Chinese electronic dictionary. Third workshop on Very Large Corpora. Proceedings ed. David Yarowsky and Kenneth Church, 30 June 1995, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; pp.107-120. [PDF, 1010KB]

(1995) Kuang-Hua Chen & Hsin-Hsi Chen: Machine translation: an integration approach. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.287-294. [PDF, 427KB]

(1995) Keh-Yih Su, Jing-Shin Chang, & Yu-Ling Una Hsu: A corpus-based two-way design for parameterized MT systems: rationale, architecture and training issues. TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.334-353. [PDF, 473KB]

(1995) J.M. Vilar, A. Castellanos, J.M. Jiménez, J.A. Sánchez, E. Vidal, J. Oncina, & H. Rulot: Spoken-language machine translation in limited domains: can it be achieved by finite-state models? TMI-95: proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 5-7, 1995, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; pp.326-333. [PDF, 201KB]

(1995) Dekai Wu: An algorithm for simultaneously bracketing parallel texts by aligning words. 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 26-30 June 1995, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; pp.244-251 . [PDF, 772KB]

(1994) Hiyan Alshawi: Qualitative and quantitative models of speech translation. The balancing act: combining symbolic and statistical approaches to language. Proceedings of the workshop, 1 July 1994, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. (ACL, 1994); pp.1-10. [PDF, 1538KB]

(1994) Béatrice Daille: Study and implementation of combined techniques for automatic extraction of terminology. The balancing act: combining symbolic and statistical approaches to language. Proceedings of the workshop, 1 July 1994, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. (ACL, 1994); pp.29-36. [PDF, 1078KB]

(1994) Kevin Knight & Ishwar Chander. Automated postediting of documents. 12th National conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 1994) July 31 - August 4, 1994, Seattle,Washington,USA. [PDF, 140KB]

 (1994) R.G.Piotrowski & Yuri Tambovtsev: Development of a linguistic automaton on the basis of statistics of speech. Literary and Linguistic Computing 9 (4), pp.291-294. [PDF, 161KB]

(1994) Stephen D.Richardson: Bootstrapping statistical processing into a rule-based natural language parser. The balancing act: combining symbolic and statistical approaches to language. Proceedings of the workshop, 1 July 1994, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico. (ACL, 1994); pp.96-103. [PDF, 1013KB]

(1994) Takehito Utsuro, Hiroshi Ikeda, Masaya Yamane, Yuji Matsumoto, & Makoto Nagao: Bilingual text matching using bilingual dictionary and statistics. Coling 1994: the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1994, Kyoto, Japan; pp. 1076-1082. [PDF, 511KB]

(1994) Dekai Wu: Aligning a parallel English-Chinese corpus statistically with lexical criteria. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 27-30 June 1994, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA; pp.80-87. [PDF, 643KB]

(1993) Jing-Shin Chang & Keh-Yih Su: A corpus-based statistics-oriented transfer and generation model for machine translation. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 3-14. [PDF, 260KB]

(1993) Kenneth W. Church & Robert L. Mercer: Introduction to the special issue on using large corpora. Computational Linguistics 19 (1), pp. 1-24 [PDF, 1762KB]

(1993) Shinichi Doi & Kazunori Muraki: Evaluation of DMAX criteria for selecting equivalent translation based on dual corpora statistics. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 302-311. [PDF, 481KB]

(1993) William A. Gale & Kenneth W. Church: A program for aligning sentences in bilingual corpora. Computational Linguistics 19 (1), pp. 76-102 [PDF, 1391KB]

(1993) Megumi Kameyama, Stanley Peters, & Hinrich Schütze: Combining logic-based and corpus-based methods for resolving translation mismatches. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.92-98.

(1993) Martin Kay & Martin Röscheisen: Text-translation alignment. Computational Linguistics 19 (1), pp. 122-142 [PDF, 1170KB]

(1993) Sergei Nirenburg, Constantine Domashnev & Dean J. Grannes: Two approaches to matching in example-based machine translation. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 47-57. [PDF, 239KB]

(1993) Hinrich Schütze: Translation by confusion. In: Building lexicons for machine translation: papers from the 1993 AAAI Spring Symposium, March 23-25, Stanford, California. (Technical report SS-93-02; Menlo Park, California: AAAI Press, 1993); pp.88-91.

(1993) Kwangseob Shim & Yung Taek Kim: Towards a machine translation system with self-critiquing capability. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 276-291. [PDF, 560KB]

(1993) Yorick Wilks: Developments in MT research in the US. Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.1-17. [PDF, 105KB]

(1992) Robert Berwick: It’s lucky if concatenation does anything.  In: MT evaluation: basis for future directions. Proceedings of a workshop..., 2-3 November 1992, San Diego, California; pp. 21-23 [PDF, 100KB]

(1992) Eric Brill & Mitch Marcus: Tagging an unfamiliar text with minimal human supervision. International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing (FGNLP): Proceedings, 30-31 July 1992, Hotel Dominion, Manchester; Sofia Ananiadou, editor (Centre for Computational Linguistics, UMIST); pp.112-121. [PDF, 195KB]

(1992) Jyun-Sheng Chang, Andrew Chang, Tsuey-Fen Lin & Sur-Jin Ker: A statistical approach to machine aided translation of terminology banks. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 921-925. [PDF, 277KB]

(1992) Shinichi Doi & Kazunori Muraki: Translation ambiguity resolution based on text corpora of source and target languages. Coling-92: Proceedings of the Fifteenth [i.e. Fourteenth] International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Nantes, 23-28/8/1992; pp. 525-531. [PDF, 428KB]

(1992) William A. Gale, Kenneth W. Church, & David Yarowsky: Using bilingual materials to develop word sense disambiguation methods Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.101-112. [PDF, 291KB]

(1992) Elliott Macklovitch: Where the tagger falters Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.113-126. [PDF, 187KB]

(1992) Steven Richardson: TMI’92: a second opinion. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.12, November-December 1992; p.10. [PDF, 106KB]

(1992) Michel Simard, George F. Foster, & Pierre Isabelle: Using cognates to align sentences in bilingual corpora Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI-92), Empiricist vs. rationalist methods in MT, June 25-27, 1992, Montreal, CCRIT-CWARC; pp.67-81. [PDF, 270KB]

(1992) Tony Whitecomb: Statistical methods gaining ground. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.11, Sept-Oct 1992; pp.1-3. [PDF, 106KB]

(1991) Peter F. Brown, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, & Robert Mercer: Word-sense disambiguation using statistical methods. 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp. 264-270. [PDF, 473KB]

(1991) Shu-Chuan Chen, Jing-Shin Chang, Jong-Nae Wang, & Keh-Yih Su: ArchTran: a corpus-based statistics-oriented English-Chinese machine translation system.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 33-40 [PDF, 659KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 87-98]

(1991) Ido Dagan: Lexical disambiguation: sources of information and their statistical realization.  29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp. 341-342. [PDF, 201KB]

(1991) Ido Dagan, Alon Itai, & Ulrike Schwall: Two languages are more informative than one.  29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Proceedings of the conference, 18-21 June 1991, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA; pp.130-137. [PDF, 731KB]

(1991) A.N.Jain, A.E.McNair, A.Waibel, H.Saito, A.G.Hauptmann, & J.Tebelski: Connectionist and symbolic processing in speech-to-speech translation: the JANUS system.  MT Summit III.  Proceedings, July 1-4, 1991, Washington, DC, USA; pp. 113-117 [PDF, 401KB] [Revised reprint in: Sergei Nirenburg (ed.) Progress in machine translation (Amsterdam, Oxford, Washington, DC: IOS Press; Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1993), pp. 153-160]

(1990) Dan W. Higinbotham: Semantic cooccurrence networks. Third international conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Language, 11-13 June 1990, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas; pp.75-84. [PDF, 132KB]

System development (see also Customization and implementation)

(1999) Rémi Zajac: A multilevel framework for incremental development of MT systems. Machine Translation Summit VII, 13th-17th September 1999, Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore. Proceedings of MT Summit VII “MT in the Great Translation Era”; pp. 646-653. [PDF, 172KB]

(1998) John Beaven: Future MT developments. Terminologie et Traduction, 1.1998; pp.319-326. [PDF, 36KB]

 (1995) Winfield Scott Bennett: Realities of development in market-oriented MT MT Summit V Proceedings, Luxembourg, July 10-13, 1995; 4pp. [PDF, 93KB]

 (1995) I.Höser, G.Klimonow, A.Küstner, & B.Rüdiger: METAL Russian-German on the way to a product. Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 7pp. [PDF, 110KB]

 (1993) Ian Pigott: Systran development at the EC Commission, 1976 to 1992. [Luxembourg: European Commission, May 1993] [PDF, 407KB]

 (1991) H. Jäppinen & L. Kulikov: Evaluation of machine translation systems: a system developer’s viewpoint.  Proceedings of the Evaluators’ Forum, April 21st – 24th, 1991, Les Rasses, Vaud, Switzerland, ed. Kirsten Falkedal. (Geneva: ISSCO); pp. 143-156. [PDF, 152KB]

 (1991) Sylvie Régnier: The respective roles of the “industrial evaluators” and the system developers in the evaluation of MT systems.  Proceedings of the Evaluators’ Forum, April 21st – 24th, 1991, Les Rasses, Vaud, Switzerland, ed. Kirsten Falkedal. (Geneva: ISSCO); pp. 157-168. [PDF, 290KB]

 (1991) Andrew Way: Developer-oriented evaluation of MT systems.  Proceedings of the Evaluators’ Forum, April 21st – 24th, 1991, Les Rasses, Vaud, Switzerland, ed. Kirsten Falkedal. (Geneva: ISSCO); pp. 237-244. [PDF, 119KB]

 (1990) Jeanette M.Pugh: 1991-1992: the Eurotra transition programme. Proceedings of a Workshop on Machine Translation, 2-3 July 1990, UMIST, Manchester, ed.J.McNaught; 3pp. [PDF, 22KB]

Telecommunications

(1999) Klaus Schubert: Resource and workflow management support in teletranslation.  Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 13pp. [PDF, 84KB]

(1998) Tricia Roth, Sharon Gillenwater, & Tina Duong: Business-to-business model for an integrated Internet strategy: using the web for content development and delivery as  practical solution for multilingual communications. Paper submitted to Translating and the Computer 20. November 1998; 8pp. [PDF, 108KB]

(1997) Minako O’Hagan: Teletranslation comes of age. Language International 9 (4), 1997; pp.14-15, 44. [PDF, 137KB]

(1997) Klaus Schubert: Remote-access translation services: software design with the user in focus.  Translating and the Computer 19. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 13 & 14 November 1997 (London: Aslib, 1997); 25pp. [PDF, 205KB]

(1997) Jörg Schütz: Utilizing evaluation in networked machine translation. TMI-97: proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, July 23-25, 1997, St.John’s College, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; pp.208-215. [PDF, 154KB]

(1996) Edward Johnson: LinguaNet: … setting a linguist to catch a thief. Translating and the Computer 18. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 14 & 15 November 1996 (London: Aslib, 1996); 8pp. [PDF, 255KB]

(1995) Anna Cordon: The translator in the communications web.  Translating and the Computer 17. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 9th and 10th November 1995 (London: Aslib, 1995); 6pp. [PDF, 396KB]

(1995) Tsuyoshi Morimoto: Issues in multimodal telecommunications. MT Summit V Proceedings, Luxembourg, July 10-13, 1995; 1p. [abstract only] [PDF, 81KB]

(1994) Minako O’Hagan: Translating in cyberspace: the coming industry of teletranslation. Translating and the Computer 16. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1994, Institution of Civil Engineers, London SW1 (London: Aslib, 1994); pp.89-98. [PDF, 44KB]

(1993) Gerhard Obenaus: The Internet – an electronic treasure trove.  Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.99-110. [PDF, 50KB]

(1993) Jörg Schütz & Bärbel Ripplinger: Machine translation supported by terminological information. TMI-93: The Fifth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation, Kyoto, Japan, July 14-16, 1993: Proceedings; pp. 102-116. [PDF, 287KB]

(1993) Laying the foundation for a European linguistic infrastructure. Language Industry Monitor, issue no.16, July-August 1993; p.3. [PDF, 96KB]

(1992) Christoph Bouthillier: A professional bulletin board for translators, an on-line members database, a new structure for printed directories. Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.127-133. [PDF, 46KB]

(1990) Peter Barber: Setting up a mailbox network.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 53-56. [PDF, 23KB]

(1990) David Hickman: Online data exchange.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 57-59. [PDF, 17KB]

(1990) Beryl Wood: Session 2: summary of the discussion.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 61-62. [PDF, 16KB]

Text prediction

(1996) George Foster, Pierre Isabelle, & Pierre Plamondon: Word completion: a first step toward a target-text mediated IMT.  Coling 1996: the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Proceedings, August 5-9, 1996, Center for Sprogteknologi, Copenhagen; pp. 394-399. [PDF, 522KB]

Virtual reality

(1996) Clare R.Voss: Using a multi-level approach and lexical interlingual forms in the NL component of a virtual reality system. In: David Farwell (ed.) PREceedings of the Pre-Workshop on interlinguas and interlingual approaches to machine translation, 1 October 1996, Montreal, [AMTA]; pp.47-50 [PDF, 18KB]

Word processors

(1997) Ian Johnson: Personal translation applications. Translating and the Computer 19. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 13 & 14 November 1997 (London: Aslib, 1997); 14pp. [PDF, 186KB]

(1996) Abdel-Malek Boualem, Stéphane Harié & Jean Véronis: MtScript: a multilingual text editor.  Translating and the Computer 18. Papers from the Aslib conference held on 14 & 15 November 1996 (London: Aslib, 1996); 15pp. [PDF, 267KB]

(1995) Caroline de Schaetzen: User information and support for word processing. Language International 7 (4), 1995; pp.29-33. [PDF, 218KB]

(1994) Quentin Reid: Universal Word for Windows. Language International 6 (6), 1994; pp.8-10. [PDF, 140KB]

(1993) Peter Kahrel: Foreign languages in Wordperfect.  Machine Translation Today: Translating and the Computer 15. Papers presented at a conference… 18-19 November 1993, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1993); pp.153-163. [PDF, 147KB]; corrected version [HTML, 33KB]

(1992) Bob Clark: Stop reinventing the wheel. Translating and the Computer 14: Quality Standards and the Implementation of Technology in Translation. Papers presented at a conference… 10-11 November 1992, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1992); pp.181-186. [PDF, 29KB]

(1990) Peter Laurie & David Hickman: Document conversion.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 49-52. [PDF, 23KB]

(1990) Philippa Moss: The growing range of document preparation systems available for translators from the simplest tools to the most sophisticated modern word processors.  Translating and the Computer 12: Applying technology in the translation process, ed. Catriona Picken. Proceedings of a conference… 8-9 November 1990, CBI Conference Centre, London (London: Aslib, 1991); pp. 33-39. [PDF, 34KB]

XML

(1999) Stuart Sklair: Multilingual component management: trends and implications for translation.  Translating and the Computer 21. Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Conference…10-11 November 1999 (London: Aslib, 1999); 10pp. [PDF, 111KB]